Catalpol is a kind of enzyme inhibitors, it has been shown to have antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and other neuroprotective properties and plays a role in neuroprotection against hypoxic/ischemic injury, AD and PD in both in vivo and in vitro models.Catalpol regulates cholinergic nerve system function through effect on choline acetyl-transferase not M receptor affinity, it has a wide spectrum of targets including Bcl-2 , PI3K, Akt-eNOS, caspase. Catalpol is an organic molecular entity. It has a role as a metabolite.

Corydine is the adrenolytic and weak cholinergic agent, it shows antimicrobial, and antineoplastic activities. Corydine shows irritant and respiratory stimulant and CNS depressant activities. Injected intravenously in rabbits corydine produced an initial fall in blood pressure followed by a return to normal or above normal.

Rhodiosin exhibits potent, dose-dependent inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), it also can inhibit cytochrome P450 2D6 non-competitively with the IC50 value of 0.761 microM. Rhodiosin has hepatoprotective effects, it shows a protective effect on D-galactosamine-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. Rhodiosin shows noncompetitive inhibition against Flavobacterium prolyl endopeptidase, with an IC50 of 41 microM, the enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of proline-containing neuropeptidase which is recognized to be involved in learning and memory. Rhodiosin exhibits antioxidant activity, it could used as the treatment of lifestyle-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia and exogeneous obesity and as health foods.

Otophylloside B is a steroid saponin that is 17alpha-pregnenolone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8, 12beta, 14beta and 17beta, in which the 14beta-hydrocy group has been acylated by formal condensation with the carboxy group of (2E)-3,4-dimethylpent-2-enoic acid, and in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been glycosylated with 2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl-(14)-2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(14)-2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl-beta-D. Otophylloside B shows anti-aging effects, it can extend lifespan, increase heat stress-resistance, delay body paralysis, and increase the chemotaxis response in C. elegans models of Alzheimer's disease. Otophylloside B can suppress the seizure-like locomotor activity caused by pentylenetetrazole in zebrafish.

Notoginsenosides Fa and R4 show significant neurite outgrowth enhancing activities in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells.

Corynoxine is a natural autophagy enhancer, promotes the clearance of Alpha-synuclein via Akt/mTOR pathway, it can significantly inhibit the oxidative stress of PC12 cells. Corynoxine is a member of indolizines. It has a role as a metabolite.

Silybin B and silybin A are potent inhibitors of both raloxifene 4'- and 6-glucuronidation in all enzyme systems; they show strong effects on cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Silybin B exhibits 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity.

Neocnidilide is a gamma-lactone.

Picfeltarraenin X shows stronger AChE inhibition than the known AChE inhibitor Tacrine.

L-aspartic acid is the L-enantiomer of aspartic acid. It has a role as a neurotransmitter, a mouse metabolite and an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a L-alpha-amino acid, an aspartate family amino acid, an aspartic acid and a proteinogenic amino acid. It is a conjugate acid of a L-aspartate(1-). It is an enantiomer of a D-aspartic acid. L-Aspartic acid induces a region of negative slope conductance in the current-voltage relationship of cultured spinal cord neurons. It could as the amino donor.