4-Hydroxyisoleucine is an isoleucine derivative. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has antidepressant-like, antidyslipidemic, and antihyperglycemic effects. It acts to improve insulin resistance by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in high fructose diet fed STZ induced diabetic rats, it also has beneficial effects on low-grade inflammation. 4-Hydroxyisoleucineis an orally active amino acid that can be isolated from fenugreek seeds. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has insulin promoting and anti diabetes properties.

Raspberry ketone prevents and improves obesity and fatty liver by increasing norepinephrine-induced lipolysis in white adipocytes, it also can increase the fatty acid oxidation and suppressed lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Raspberry ketone has anti-melanogenic activity, it could be used to treat hyperpigmentation. Raspberry ketone enhances the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 stem cells into osteoblasts, and it may promote bone formation by an action unrelated to adipocyte differentiation. Raspberry ketone is a ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group. It is found in a variety of fruits including raspberries, blackberries and cranberries, and is used in perfumery and cosmetics. It has a role as a metabolite, an androgen antagonist, a flavouring agent, a fragrance, a hepatoprotective agent and a cosmetic. It is a member of phenols and a methyl ketone.

Hydroxy-gamma-sanshool is a fatty amide.

Chiisanoside has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-rotaviral activities, it can inhibit xanthine oxidase activity and increase superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and catalase, it also inhibits NO and PGE2 production. Chiisanoside has the potential to prevent obesity as a lipase inhibitor which suppresses fat absorption in vivo.

Bilobetin treatment ameliorates hyperlipidaemia, lipotoxicity and insulin resistance in rats by stimulating PPARα-mediated lipid catabolism.

Glucovanillin is a glycoside.

Trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline is an optically active form of 4-hydroxyproline having L-trans-configuration. It has a role as a mouse metabolite, a plant metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a tautomer of a trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline zwitterion. L-Hydroxyproline, one of the hydroxyproline (Hyp) isomers, is a useful chiral building block in the production of many pharmaceuticals.

Actein is a triterpenoid. It has a role as a metabolite. Actein has a stimulatory effect on osteoblastic bone formation or has potential activity against osteoporosis, it also can prevent oxidative damage to osteoblasts in osteoporotic patients. Actein's ability to pathways involved in lipid disorders and carcinogenesis may make it a new agent for preventing and treating these major disorders, it has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cells, by altering the activity of the ER IP3 receptor and Na,K-ATPase, inducing calcium release and modulating the NF-κB and MEK pathways. Actein is a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from the rhizome of Cimicifuga foetida, which has the effect of inhibiting cancer cells. Actein inhibits cell proliferation, induces autophagy and apoptosis by promoting ROS/JNK activation and inactivating AKT pathway in bladder cancer. Actein has almost no toxicity in the body

Sesamin has antifibrotic, cholesterol-lowering, anti-cancer, antioxidative, neuroprotective, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-inflammatory properties, it also might be beneficial in the prevention of hypertension and stroke. Sesamin attenuates intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in vitro in TNF-α-treated human aortic endothelial cells and in vivo in apolipoprotein-E-deficient mice.Sesamin also can protect β-cells from damage caused by AGEs through suppressing NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress. (+)-sesamin is a lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a neuroprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a lignan, a member of benzodioxoles and a furofuran.

Berberine has neuroprotective, antidepressant, antineoplastic, and anti- fibrosis activities; it is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, it may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV/AIDS; it also may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states.Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 75160.

Genistein, a phytoestrogen found in soy products, is a highly specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) which blocks the mitogenic effect mediated by EGF on NIH-3T3 cells with IC50 of 12μM or by insulin with IC50 of 19 μM. Genistein has neuroprotective, antitumor effects, it modulates the expression of NF-κB and MAPK (p-38 and ERK1/2), thereby attenuating d-Galactosamine induced fulminant hepatic failure in Wistar rats. Genistein is a 7-hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties. It has a role as a geroprotector, an antineoplastic agent, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a phytoestrogen and a human urinary metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a genistein(1-).

Atractyloside is a toxic compound from wedelia glauca. It acts as inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation by a specific interference with energy-transfer reactions, the effect is due to inhibition of the ADP utilizing process in the coupling system. Atractyloside, has been proposed for the antibiotic oligomycin, is an inhibitor of the energy-transfer reactions in animal mitochondria; it inhibits the phosphate uptake and the respiratory stimulation induced by P1-acceptor, but it does not interfere with the so-called resting respiration.

Neoandrographolide has antiradical, anti-inflammatory,and hypolipidemic effects, it protects the cardiovascular without significant liver damage. Neoandrographolide as chemosensitizer in S-Jurkat and X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-overexpressing Jurkat cells, a model for chemoresistance.Neoandrographolide inhibits iNOS and COX-2 expression through inhibiting p38 MAPKs activation.

Ergosterol is the primary sterol found in fungi, with antioxidative, anti-proliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects, ergosterol peroxide has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent to prevent renal fibrosis. Ergosterol can promote pheromone signaling and plasma membrane fusion in mating yeast, the critical requirement for ergosterol in V-ATPase function may underlie the antifungal activity of azoles. Ergosterol is a phytosterol consisting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a fungal metabolite. It is a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid, a member of phytosterols, a 3beta-sterol and an ergostanoid.