(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) can inhibit fat synthesis and reduces food intake, the primary mechanism of action of HCA appears to be related to its ability to act as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme ATP-citrate lyase, which catalyzes the conversion of citrate and coenzyme A to oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), primary building blocks of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates high-fructose-induced redox imbalance and activation of stress sensitive kinases in male Wistar rats through its hypolipidemic effects.

Dulcoside A is a sweetener and has antioxidant activity.

Indole-3-acetic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group. It has a role as an auxin, a plant hormone, a mouse metabolite, a plant metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a member of indole-3-acetic acids and a monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an indole-3-acetate. Indole-3-acetic acid , a well-known phytohormone, can also be a signaling molecule in bacteria and therefore can have a direct effect on bacterial physiology.

Ethylparaben is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, used as an antifungal preservative and food additive. It is a standardized chemical allergen, has a certain reproductive toxicity to F0 male Drosophila.The physiologic effect of ethylparaben is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity. Ethylparaben is an ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol. It has a role as an antifungal agent, an antimicrobial food preservative, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. It is an ethyl ester and a paraben.

Rhodiosin exhibits potent, dose-dependent inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), it also can inhibit cytochrome P450 2D6 non-competitively with the IC50 value of 0.761 microM. Rhodiosin has hepatoprotective effects, it shows a protective effect on D-galactosamine-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes. Rhodiosin shows noncompetitive inhibition against Flavobacterium prolyl endopeptidase, with an IC50 of 41 microM, the enzyme that plays a role in the metabolism of proline-containing neuropeptidase which is recognized to be involved in learning and memory. Rhodiosin exhibits antioxidant activity, it could used as the treatment of lifestyle-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia and exogeneous obesity and as health foods.

Mogroside II-A2 is a 3-hydroxy steroid, a steroid saponin and a disaccharide derivative. Mogroside II-A2 is a natural product from Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle.

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone is a member of the dihydrochalcones that is 3,2',4',6'-tetrahydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone attached to a neohesperidosyl residue at position 4' via glycosidic linkage. It is found in sweet orange. It has a role as a xenobiotic, a sweetening agent, a plant metabolite and an environmental contaminant. It is a neohesperidoside, a disaccharide derivative and a member of dihydrochalcones. Neohesperidin, a natural new nutrition sweetener, has antioxidant (IC50=22.31ug/mL), anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. It can attenuate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via the inhibition of neuronal and oxidative stress through the regulation of the apoptotic pathway and activating the Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, it may be useful for the treatment and/or protection of gastritis.

Orcinol glucoside is anxiolytic agent without sedative effect, it improves depressive behaviour in CUMS rats by downregulating HPA axis hyperactivity and increasing BDNF expression and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the hippocampus.

p-Synephrine is widely used in weight loss and weight management as well as in sports performance products, which has antidepressant-like effects in the murine models of forced swimming and tail suspension, it also exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects by inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Synephrine inhibits eotaxin-1 expression via the STAT6 signaling pathway. Synephrine is a phenethylamine alkaloid that is 4-(2-aminoethyl)phenol substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and a methyl group at the amino nitrogen. It has a role as an alpha-adrenergic agonist and a plant metabolite. It is a member of ethanolamines, a member of phenols and a phenethylamine alkaloid. It is a conjugate base of a synephrinium.

Stachyose, as prebiotics, can prevent indirectly colon cancer cell growth by promoting the proliferation of probiotics or producing beneficial materials in the intestine.Stachyose inhibits Caco-2 cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Stachyose with an RS3 carrier has better preventative effects on colitis than Stachyose alone in mice. Stachyose is a tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(16)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a tetrasaccharide and a raffinose family oligosaccharide. It is functionally related to a raffinose and a sucrose.

Alisol C can improve glucose uptake in Hep G2 cells, it may be one of the therapeutic material basis in hypoglycemic activities in A. orientalis. Alisol C,16,23-oxido-alisol B and alisol O in Zexie may cause nephrotoxicity.

Praeruptorin B has significant important phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGTs) isoforms inhibition activity. Praeruptorin B and praeruptorin A have LC 50 values of 34.5 and121.2 ug/ml, respectively, in Artemia salina test .

Naringin Dihydrochalcone is an artificial sweetener derived from naringin. Naringin is a major flavanone glycoside obtained from tomatoes, grapefruits, and many other citrus fruits. Naringin exhibits biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Naringin suppresses NF-κB signaling pathway. Naringin dihydrochalcone is a glycoside and a member of flavonoids.

Mogroside IVA is a mogroside and a beta-D-glucoside. It has a role as a plant metabolite. Mogroside IVa is a natural product from Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle.

Nuciferine possesses anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-hypotensive, anti-arrhythmic, vasorelaxant, and insulin secretagogue activities. Nuciferine may be potential for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia with kidney inflammation. It inhibited tumor-promoting effect of nicotine involving Wnt/β-catenin signaling in non-small cell lung cancer.

Glabrone shows antiviral activity against influenza virus. It also exhibits significant PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity.

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside(SDG) is a phytoestrogen, estrogens and phytoestrogen from soy have been reported to have mild hypotensive effects, and SDG is a long-acting hypotensive agent, and that the hypotensive effect is mediated through the guanylate cyclase enzyme. SDG has strong antioxidant activity, cardioprotective effects, reduces the blood levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and reduces the risk of hormone related cancer.