Lyciumin B is a cyclic peptide.

After treatment with CVGI, Raffinose family oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed effectively to yield galactose and sucrose. AA-PCD resistance in Raffinose-grown cells occurs with a decrease in both ROS production and cytochrome c release as compared to glucose-grown cells en route to AA-PCD.

Methyl protodioscin has anti-thrombosis, antiosteoporotic, anti-myocardial infarction, and cytotoxic activities. Methyl protodioscin shows strong cytotoxicity against most cell lines from solid tumors with GI50 ≤10.0 microM, but moderate cytotoxicity is shown against leukemia cell lines with GI50 10-30 microM. It potentially increase HDL cholesterol while reducing LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, it also can treat diverse inflammatory pulmonary diseases.

Haplopine shows photo-activated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. It exhibits potent melanogenesis-inhibitory activities with almost no toxicity to the cells. Haplopine is an organic heterotricyclic compound, an organonitrogen heterocyclic compound and an oxacycle.

8-Gingerol is a monomethoxybenzene, a member of phenols and a beta-hydroxy ketone. 8-Gingerol is one of the principal components of ginger, which is widely used in China and elsewhere as a food, spice and herb, it has anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and skin-whitening activities. It suppresses cellular tyrosinase activity and decrease melanin content, inhibits the expression of MC1R, MITF, tyrosinase, TRP1 and TRP2, decreases intracellular RS and ROS levels in B16F10 and B16F1 cells, inhibits melanogenesis by down-regulation of MAPK, PKA signaling pathway. 8-gingerol can be found in the rhizomes of ginger (Z. officinale) and has oral activity, activating TRPV1 with an EC50 value of 5.0 µ M. 8-gingerol inhibits COX-2 and also suppresses the growth of H. pylori in vitro. Meanwhile, 8-gingerol has anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, which can inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells by suppressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and regulating its downstream STAT3/ERK pathway. 8-gingerol can also exert immunosuppressive effects by inhibiting oxidative stress, inducing cell cycle arrest, promoting apoptosis, and regulating autophagy. In addition, 8-gingerol has cardioprotective effects and is expected to be used in research in the fields of cancer, infection, immunosuppression, and cardiovascular disease.

An anti-oxidative composition containing isorhamnetin-3-glucoside-7-rhamnoside (IGR)isolated from Hippophae rhamnoides L. is provided to ensure antioxidative, antibacterial, and anti-cancer effect; a cosmetic composition for preventing or treating aging contains IGR compound as an active ingredient; a health food composition for antioxiaiton contains IGR as an active ingredient; a pharmaceutical composition for antibacterial and anticancer contains IGR as an active ingredient.

Nystose has antioxidant capacity. Nystose and 1-Kestose can modulate the intestinal Microorganisms flora, a high content of kestose and nestose in the diet can cause a decrease in ileal and cecal pH (to 5.42 and 5.49, respectively)of turkeys, which may promote digestion.

1. Kaempferol activates LXR-β and suppresses SREBP-1 to enhance symptoms in metabolic syndrome. 2. Kaempferol exerts a potent inhibitory effect on in vitro bone resorption. 3. Kaempferol has anti-inflammatory action, can prevent and treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ankylosing spondylitis. 4. Kaempferol has therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of thrombovascular diseases, can enhance relaxations caused by endothelium-derived and exogenous NO as well as those due to endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. 5. Kaempferol can inhibit cancer cell invasion through blocking the PKCδ/MAPK/AP-1 cascade and subsequent MMP-9 expression and its activity, may act as a therapeutic potential candidate for cancer metastasis. 6. Kaempferol is an autophagic enhancer, has a more general protection in Parkinson's disease, can mediate antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects is the enhancement of mitochondrial turnover by autophagy.

Lucyoside B is a natural product from Luffa cylindrica ROEM.

1. Kaempferol activates LXR-β and suppresses SREBP-1 to enhance symptoms in metabolic syndrome. 2. Kaempferol exerts a potent inhibitory effect on in vitro bone resorption. 3. Kaempferol has anti-inflammatory action, can prevent and treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ankylosing spondylitis. 4. Kaempferol has therapeutic potential for the prevention and treatment of thrombovascular diseases, can enhance relaxations caused by endothelium-derived and exogenous NO as well as those due to endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization. 5. Kaempferol can inhibit cancer cell invasion through blocking the PKCδ/MAPK/AP-1 cascade and subsequent MMP-9 expression and its activity, may act as a therapeutic potential candidate for cancer metastasis. 6. Kaempferol is an autophagic enhancer, has a more general protection in Parkinson's disease, can mediate antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects is the enhancement of mitochondrial turnover by autophagy.

Valeric acid is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a short-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a valerate.