Eleutheroside E is a glycoside and a lignan.

Gossypol is an effective natural antimicrobial agent against a wide range of potential fungal pathogens of cotton.Gossypol shows a significant increase in accumulation of acidic vesicular organelle, is a promising drug that induces autophagic cell death in radioresistant malignant glioma.Gossypol binds to Bcl-xL protein and Bcl-2 protein with Kis of 0.5-0.6 μM and 0.2-0.3 mM, respectively. Gossypol is an aldehyde, a hydroxynaphthalene, a polyphenol and a hexol. It has a role as an antispermatogenic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite.

Ginsenoside F3 has immunoenhancing activity by regulating production and gene expression of type 1,type 2 cytokines in murine spleen cells. It enhances the NF-kappaB DNA binding activity induced by ConA in murine spleen cells with 10 micromol/L.

Syringin is a monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an autophagy inducer, an antidepressant, a hepatoprotective agent, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite. It is a primary alcohol, a beta-D-glucoside, a dimethoxybenzene and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a trans-sinapyl alcohol.

Ganoderic acid A , a representative active triterpenoid from Ganoderma lucidum, exhibits antinociceptive, antioxidative, cytotoxic, hepatoprotective and anticancer activities. It has a wide spectrum of targets including nuclear transcription factor-kappaB,activator protein-1,STAT,IL-6,JAK, and p38MAPK.

Beta-carotene is a cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid. It has a role as a ferroptosis inhibitor, an antioxidant, a cofactor, a biological pigment, a provitamin A, a mouse metabolite, a plant metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a carotenoid beta-end derivative and a cyclic carotene.

Aralosides possess protective effect against experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction, the mechanism of myocardial protection may be attributed to the amelioration of FFA metabolic deterioration and membrane peroxidation induced by oxygen free radicals. Aralosides have anti-inflammatory effect, they also can effectively prevent acute alcoholic liver injury.

Ginsenoside C-K is a ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an anti-allergic agent, a hepatoprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite.

Lucidenic acid E2 is a triterpenoid.

Yadanzioside L shows strong antiviral activity.

Deacetylasperulosidic acid inhibits the reduction of ear swelling, and also cancels the suppression of IL-2 production along with the activation of natural killer cells in the same manner as that of Noni-ext. Deacetylasperulosidic acid may increase catalase activity.

Dihydrocucurbitacin B has anti-cancer activity, it reduces cell proliferation due to a decrease in the expression of cyclins, mainly cyclin-B1 and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, arresting B16F10 cells in G2/M phase. Dihydrocucurbitacin B modifies the evolution of the clinical symptoms, reduces the swelling and bone and tissue damage along with the development of the disease, modifies the cell infiltration and the expression of both nitric oxide synthase-2 and cyclooxygenase-2. 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin B is a 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin in which a lanostane skeleton is multi-substituted with hydroxy, methyl and oxo substituents, with unsaturation at position 5; a hydroxy function at C-25 is acetylated. It is a tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone, a 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin and a secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone. It is functionally related to a cucurbitacin B.

Lobetyolin has a protective role in gastric mucosa injury, and the mechanism may be relate to the increase in level of 6-K-PGF1αand the inhibition the excretion of gastric acid and EGF. Lobetyolin inhibits the gene expression of MUC5AC mucin induced by PMA.

Rhamnocitrin can enhance the immune function, improve the formation of spleen cells of mice serum hemolysin of chicken red blood cell immune. Rhamnocitrin possesses significant anticataract activity and acts most likely due to its antioxidant property, it shows a significant protection against cloudiness in lenses induced by hydrogen peroxide and hydrocortisone in a dose dependent manner.Rhamnocitrin and kaempferol can augment cellular antioxidant defense capacity, at least in part, through regulation of HO-1 expression and MAPK signal transduction; they not only protect low-density lipoprotein from oxidation but also prevent atherogenesis through suppressing macrophage uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein.