Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a cytosine. Cytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring, cytidine is a component of RNA.Cytidine deaminases APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F interact with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and inhibit proviral DNA formation.

Bilobetin treatment ameliorates hyperlipidaemia, lipotoxicity and insulin resistance in rats by stimulating PPARα-mediated lipid catabolism.

Aristolochic acid A is an aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. Aristolochic acid A (Aristolochic acid I; TR 1736) is the main component of plant extracts Aristolochic acids, which are present in Aristolochia and Asarum herbaceous plants. Aristolochic acid A significantly reduces the activity of activator protein 1 (AP-1) and NF - κ B. Aristolochic acid A reduces the expression of bladder cancer related BLCAP gene in human cells.

Naringenin is a weak estrogen that also exhibits partial antiestrogenic activity in the female rat uterus and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Naringenin is also a agent for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Naringenin has hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, free radical scavenger, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, carbohydrate metabolism promoter, and immune system modulator properties. Naringenin possesses potent antidepressant-like property via the central serotonergic and noradrenergic systems. (S)-naringenin is the (S)-enantiomer of naringenin. It has a role as a plant metabolite and an expectorant. It is a (2S)-flavan-4-one and a naringenin. It is a conjugate acid of a (S)-naringenin(1-). It is an enantiomer of a (R)-naringenin.

L-fucitol is the L-enantiomer of fucitol. It is found in nutmeg. It has a role as an antibacterial agent and a plant metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a D-fucitol. L-Fucitol inhibited the galactitol-positive strains of Escherichia coli K12.

Berberine has neuroprotective, antidepressant, antineoplastic, and anti- fibrosis activities; it is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, it may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV/AIDS; it also may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states.Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 75160.

Neoandrographolide has antiradical, anti-inflammatory,and hypolipidemic effects, it protects the cardiovascular without significant liver damage. Neoandrographolide as chemosensitizer in S-Jurkat and X chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP)-overexpressing Jurkat cells, a model for chemoresistance.Neoandrographolide inhibits iNOS and COX-2 expression through inhibiting p38 MAPKs activation.

Complanatoside C is a natural product from Astragali Semen.

Tormentic acid has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic , anti-allodynic, and hepatoprotective properties, it can inhibit markedly the neuropathic allodynia induced by partial ligation of the sciatic nerve. Tormentic acid potently inhibits the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells, also suppresses the LPS-stimulated degradation and phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B-α (IκB-α), suggests that the anti-inflammatory activity of TA is associated with the down-regulation of iNOS, COX-2, and TNF-α through the negative regulation of the NF-κB pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. Tormentic acid is a triterpenoid. It has a role as a metabolite.