Ginkgolide J has neuroprotective activity, it can prevent A beta(1-42) induced inhibition of long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampal slices, it is also capable of inhibiting cell death of rodent hippocampal neurons caused by A beta(1-42). Ginkgolide J can inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP or PAF.

4-Hydroxyisoleucine is an isoleucine derivative. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has antidepressant-like, antidyslipidemic, and antihyperglycemic effects. It acts to improve insulin resistance by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in high fructose diet fed STZ induced diabetic rats, it also has beneficial effects on low-grade inflammation. 4-Hydroxyisoleucineis an orally active amino acid that can be isolated from fenugreek seeds. 4-Hydroxyisoleucine has insulin promoting and anti diabetes properties.

Glucoraphanin, the bioprecursor of the widely extolled chemopreventive agent sulforaphane found in broccoli, it has antioxidant activity, it induces phase-I xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and increases free radical generation in rat liver. Glucoraphanin can ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance through adipose tissue browning and reduction of metabolic endotoxemia in mice. Glucoraphanin and Glucoerucin effectively act as antagonists for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and this may contribute to their established chemoprevention potency.

Moracin P exhibits potent in vitro inhibitory activity against hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1), which is a key mediator during adaptation of cancer cells to tumour hypoxia. Moracin P might protect neuronal cell death against the oxidative stress induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation(OGD), can enhance cell viability in dose-dependent manner against OGD-induced cell death in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

Jionoside B1 has immunosuppressive activity, it shows the hepato-protective activity in the H2O2 induced liver injury experiments.Jionoside B1 exhibits the obvious inhibition against aldose reductase.

Hydroxy-gamma-sanshool is a fatty amide.

Gelsemine is a highly toxic compound and may be a glycine receptor agonist. Gelsemine has antitumor, anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-oxidative activities,it also has marked antinociception in inflammatory, neuropathic and bone cancer pains without inducing antinociceptive tolerance.

Homovanillic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a member of guaiacols and a monocarboxylic acid. It is functionally related to a (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a homovanillate. Homovanillic acid is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes, and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain. Abnormalities in white matter were associated with low CSF Homovanillic acid.

5,6-Dehydrokawain is an aromatic ether and a member of 2-pyranones.

3-Butylidenephthalide is an isobenzofuranone. 3-Butylidenephthalide has antihyperglycemic effect is due to inhibition of α-glucosidase at the intestinal level, inhibited the activity of yeast-α-glucosidase (IC(50) 2.35 mM) in a noncompetitive fashion with a K(i) of 4.86 mM. It can induce a dose-dependent antinociceptive action in the hot-plate assay, it is also effective for controlling the pain provoked by chemical irritation at the doses of 10 and 31.6 mg/kg. 3-Butylidenephthalide is a phthalic anhydride derivative identified from Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, with insecticidal activity (LC50 value of 1.56 mg/g for Spodoptera litura larvae).