Shanzhiside has immunosuppressive activity, it shows significant inhibition of IL-2 secretion by phorbol myristate acetate and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody co-stimulated activation of human peripheral blood T cells.

Costunolide has antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic and anti-fungal activities, it possesses normo-glycemic and hypolipidemic activity. Costunolide inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing RANKL-mediated c-Fos transcriptional activity; it inhibits IL-1beta gene expression by blocking the activation of MAPKs and DNA binding of AP-1; it also induces the ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition and resultant cytochrome c release,. Costunolide is a germacranolide with anthelminthic, antiparasitic and antiviral activities. It has a role as a metabolite, an antiinfective agent, an antiparasitic agent, an anthelminthic drug, an antineoplastic agent and an antiviral drug. It is a heterobicyclic compound and a germacranolide.

Syringin is a monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an autophagy inducer, an antidepressant, a hepatoprotective agent, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite. It is a primary alcohol, a beta-D-glucoside, a dimethoxybenzene and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a trans-sinapyl alcohol.

Inulicin is a terpene lactone.

Vindoline is a chemical precursor to vinblastine and exhibits antimitotic activity by inhibiting microtubule assembly, it also has anti-ulcer activity. Vindoline can enhance the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in MIN6 cells with the EC50 value of 50.2uM; it has relaxant effects in isolated rat renal arteries, it can dilate renal arteries in vitro through one or more pathways including inhibition of calcium entry,TEA+-sensitive potassium channel or protein kinase pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells. Vindoline is a methyl ester, a tertiary alcohol, a vinca alkaloid, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an alkaloid ester, an acetate ester and a tertiary amino compound. It is a conjugate base of a vindolinium(1+).

Crocin is a water-soluble carotenoid pigment of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), it has been used as a spice for flavoring and coloring food preparations. Crocin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, anti-asthma, anti-cancer, and hypolipidemic effects. Crocin improves toxic effects of diazinon via reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring altered contractile and relaxant responses in rat aorta; it also protects retinal photoreceptors against light-induced cell death. Crocin can also promote ovarian cancer HO-8910 cell apoptosis, most likely by increasing p53 and Fas/APO-1 expression, and then activating the apoptotic pathway regulated by Caspase-3. Beta-D-gentiobiosyl beta-D-glucosyl crocetin is a diester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of beta-D-gentiobiosyl crocetin with the anomeric hydroxy group of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is a beta-D-glucoside and a diester.

3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid is a member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It has a role as an allergen and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a benzoic acid.

Hematoxylin and eosin (H+E) are pigments, they are used to morphological assessment. (+)-haematoxylin is a haematoxylin. It is an enantiomer of a (-)-haematoxylin.

Taraxerol can be used as a lipid biomarker for mangrove input to the SE Atlantic. Taraxerol has potent anti-inflammatory effects,it downregulates the expression of proinflammatory mediators in macrophages by interfering with the activation of TAK1 and Akt, thus preventing NF-κB activation. Taraxerol also has anti-cancer activity, it shows inhibitory effects on AGS cell growth through inducing G2/M arrest and promotion of cell apoptosis, taraxeryl acetate has less effect on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of AGS cells than taraxerol.

7-O-Ethylmorroniside is a glycoside.

Ginsenoside C-K is a ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an anti-allergic agent, a hepatoprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite.