Eleutheroside E is a glycoside and a lignan.

Shanzhiside has immunosuppressive activity, it shows significant inhibition of IL-2 secretion by phorbol myristate acetate and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody co-stimulated activation of human peripheral blood T cells.

Costunolide has antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic and anti-fungal activities, it possesses normo-glycemic and hypolipidemic activity. Costunolide inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation by suppressing RANKL-mediated c-Fos transcriptional activity; it inhibits IL-1beta gene expression by blocking the activation of MAPKs and DNA binding of AP-1; it also induces the ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition and resultant cytochrome c release,. Costunolide is a germacranolide with anthelminthic, antiparasitic and antiviral activities. It has a role as a metabolite, an antiinfective agent, an antiparasitic agent, an anthelminthic drug, an antineoplastic agent and an antiviral drug. It is a heterobicyclic compound and a germacranolide.

Hamaudol has analgesic and anti-inflammary activities, it showed inhibitory activity on COX-1 and COX-2 activities with values of 0.30, 0.57 mM, respectively.

Syringin is a monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an autophagy inducer, an antidepressant, a hepatoprotective agent, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer and a plant metabolite. It is a primary alcohol, a beta-D-glucoside, a dimethoxybenzene and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a trans-sinapyl alcohol.

Inulicin is a terpene lactone.

Yohimbic acid is a yohimban alkaloid. It is functionally related to a 17alpha-yohimbol.

Vindoline is a chemical precursor to vinblastine and exhibits antimitotic activity by inhibiting microtubule assembly, it also has anti-ulcer activity. Vindoline can enhance the glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in MIN6 cells with the EC50 value of 50.2uM; it has relaxant effects in isolated rat renal arteries, it can dilate renal arteries in vitro through one or more pathways including inhibition of calcium entry,TEA+-sensitive potassium channel or protein kinase pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells. Vindoline is a methyl ester, a tertiary alcohol, a vinca alkaloid, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, an alkaloid ester, an acetate ester and a tertiary amino compound. It is a conjugate base of a vindolinium(1+).

Brazilin exhibits cancer preventive, anti-hepatotoxicity, antiplatelet activity, and anti-inflammatory activities, it also inhibits UVB-induced MMP-1/3 expressions and secretions by suppressing of NF-κB activation in human dermal fibroblasts, thus, it might be used as a potential agent for treatment of UV-induced skin photoaging. Brazilin has anti-IKK activity, can selectively disrupt proximal IL-1 receptor signaling complex formation by targeting an IKK-upstream signaling components. Brazilin induces vasorelaxation by the increasing intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in endothelial cells of blood vessels and hence activating Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent NO synthesis. Brazilin is a tertiary alcohol, a member of catechols and an organic heterotetracyclic compound. It has a role as an antioxidant, a biological pigment, an antibacterial agent, an antineoplastic agent, a hepatoprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer, a NF-kappaB inhibitor, a plant metabolite and a histological dye.

Astilbin has insecticidal, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, it may act as an efficient therapeutic agent for arthritis like cyclosporine A but with less toxicity, its mechanism includes a selective suppression on lymphocyte functions via reducing MMP and NO production. Astilbin can exert an early renal protective role to diabetic nephropathy (DN), inhibit production of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF).Astilbin also alleviates contact hypersensitivity through a unique mechanism involving a negative cytokine regulation through stimulating IL-10, which is distinct from the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A. Astilbin is a flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones, an alpha-L-rhamnoside, a tetrahydroxyflavanone, a member of 3'-hydroxyflavanones, a monosaccharide derivative and a flavanone glycoside. It is functionally related to a (+)-taxifolin. It is an enantiomer of a neoastilbin.

Melittoside is a glycoside and an iridoid monoterpenoid.

Crocin is a water-soluble carotenoid pigment of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), it has been used as a spice for flavoring and coloring food preparations. Crocin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, anti-asthma, anti-cancer, and hypolipidemic effects. Crocin improves toxic effects of diazinon via reducing lipid peroxidation and restoring altered contractile and relaxant responses in rat aorta; it also protects retinal photoreceptors against light-induced cell death. Crocin can also promote ovarian cancer HO-8910 cell apoptosis, most likely by increasing p53 and Fas/APO-1 expression, and then activating the apoptotic pathway regulated by Caspase-3. Beta-D-gentiobiosyl beta-D-glucosyl crocetin is a diester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of beta-D-gentiobiosyl crocetin with the anomeric hydroxy group of beta-D-glucopyranose. It is a beta-D-glucoside and a diester.

3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid is a member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It has a role as an allergen and a plant metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a benzoic acid.

Tomatidine shows antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory activities, it significantly suppresses the activity of ACAT and leads to reduction of atherogenesis. Tomatidine inhibits the invasion of A549 cells by reducing the expression of MMPs, also inhibits ERK and Akt signaling pathways and NF-κB activity, suggests a new therapeutic potential for Tomatidine in anti-metastatic therapy.

3-Epioleanolic acid and oleanonic acid possess varying degrees of agonist activity on uterine smooth muscle with minor changes in the molecular structure affecting its intrinsic activity on uterine muscle. 3-epioleanolic acid is a triterpenoid. It has a role as a metabolite.