Podophyllotoxone is a lactone and a lignan.

After treatment with CVGI, Raffinose family oligosaccharide was hydrolyzed effectively to yield galactose and sucrose. AA-PCD resistance in Raffinose-grown cells occurs with a decrease in both ROS production and cytochrome c release as compared to glucose-grown cells en route to AA-PCD.

Regaloside C is anti-inflammatory activities. Regaloside C has cardiomyocyte protective activity by protecting the mitochondria in H2O2-induced heart H9C2 cells.

Nystose has antioxidant capacity. Nystose and 1-Kestose can modulate the intestinal Microorganisms flora, a high content of kestose and nestose in the diet can cause a decrease in ileal and cecal pH (to 5.42 and 5.49, respectively)of turkeys, which may promote digestion.

Valeric acid is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a short-chain fatty acid and a straight-chain saturated fatty acid. It is a conjugate acid of a valerate.