Peimine has good anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, it inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS through blocking MAPKs and NF-κB signaling pathways. It also has antitussive and sedative actions, the action being suspected to be central in nature.

Piperine is a N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum. It has a role as a NF-kappaB inhibitor, a plant metabolite, a food component and a human blood serum metabolite. It is a tertiary carboxamide, a piperidine alkaloid, a member of benzodioxoles and a N-acylpiperidine. It is functionally related to an (E,E)-piperic acid. Piperine, an inhibitor of human P-glycoprotein and/or CYP3A4, which has antinociceptive, antiarthritic, antidepressant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory , antitumor, anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, chemo-protective, and anti-inflammatoryactivities. Administration of piperine appears to reverse preexisting high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, probably by activation of adiponectin-AMPK signalling.

Tussilagone has anti-cancer, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Tussilagone inhibits dendritic cell function through the induction of heme oxygenase-1; it has potential treatment of neuro-inflammatory diseases through the inhibition of overproduction of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2).

Protopine acts as a potent inhibitor of thromboxane synthesis and PAF with hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antioxidant, antispasmodic and relaxant properties. Protopine is also a novel microtubule-stabilizing agent, causes mitotic arrest and apoptotic cell death in human hormone-refractory prostate cancer cell lines. Protopine blocks phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) and also blocks activation of a nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Protopine is a dibenzazecine alkaloid isolated from Fumaria vaillantii. It has a role as a plant metabolite.

Heraclenol is a germination inhibitor in the parsley seeds. It has anti-inflammatory properties against the ear edema in mice produced by TPA. Heraclenol and heraclenin inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells and cell cycle at G2/M at concentrations of 0.1-1.0 uM.

Liquiritin apioside has antioxidant property by inducing glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis via the inhibition of cytokines and protected lung epithelial cells against cigarette smoke-mediated oxidative stress, might be as protective agent against epithelial injury in COPD. Liquiritin apioside is a glycoside and a member of flavonoids.

Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin are the major active components in pepper spray products, which are widely used for law enforcement and self-protection, they has cytotoxicity, they induces p53 protein and G1 phase cell cycle arrest. Dihydrocapsaicin induces hypothermia and substance P depletion, it or radiolabelled dihydrocapsaicin, may be a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms by which capsaicin alters thermoregulation and primary afferent neuron function.Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin have effect on in vitro blood coagulation and platelet aggregation. Nordihydrocapsaicin is a member of phenols and a member of methoxybenzenes.

Isoacetovanillone is a member of phenols and a member of methoxybenzenes. It has a role as a metabolite. Isoacetovanillone shows anti-inflammatory potential.

Capsiate is a carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (6E)-8-methylnon-6-enoic acid with the benzylic hydroxy group of vanillyl alcohol. A non-pungent analogue of capsaicin with a similar biological profile. It has a role as a capsaicin receptor agonist, an antioxidant, a hypoglycemic agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an anti-allergic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxybenzene, a carboxylic ester and a member of phenols.

Haplopine shows photo-activated antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. It exhibits potent melanogenesis-inhibitory activities with almost no toxicity to the cells. Haplopine is an organic heterotricyclic compound, an organonitrogen heterocyclic compound and an oxacycle.

Methyleugenol (ME) is a natural constituent of the essential oils of a number of plants widely used in foodstuffs as flavouring agents, in view of the carcinogenic potential of ME, the need to check its presence in food products with effective analytical methods. ME has elaxant and antispasmodic actions on guinea-pig isolated ileum, it also has antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and insecticidal properties.ME can inhibit the production of nitric oxide and decreased the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, it down-regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain as well as in immunostimulated mixed glial cells. O-methyleugenol is a phenylpropanoid. It is functionally related to a eugenol.

Platycodon D shows antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities, it can induce autophagy in NCI-H460 and A549 cells through inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and activating JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Platycodon D can inhibit migration, invasion, and growth of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells via suppression of EGFR-mediated Akt and MAPK pathways. Platycodin D is also a potent adjuvant of specific cellular and humoral immune responses against recombinant hepatitis B antigen. Platycodin D is a triterpenoid saponin. It has a role as a metabolite.

Tuberostemonine is a natural product found in Stemona phyllantha and Stemona tuberosa. It has a role as a metabolite.

Capsaicin, the main pungent ingredient in 'hot' chilli peppers, is a TRPV1 agonist with EC50 of 0.29±0.05 μM in HEK293 cells, which elicits a sensation of burning pain by selectively activating sensory neurons that convey information about noxious stimuli to the central nervous system, it may used as a pain therapy by the long-lasting and inhibitory effects on persistent pain. Capsaicin has antioxidant activity , it is more effective than melatonin in suppressing the formation of lipid hydroperoxides, it also reduces anxiety-like behaviours in rats and may be an admissible drug candidate for treating endometriosis. Capsaicin is a capsaicinoid. It has a role as a TRPV1 agonist, a non-narcotic analgesic and a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker.

Evocarpine shows antimycobacterial, and vasorelaxant effects, it can inhibit Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels.

Piperlotine A shows potent antiplatelet aggregation activity.

Methysticin is a potent NF-kappaB inhibitor in kava with minimum toxicity, it possesses hepatotoxic, anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties, it contributes to CYP1A1 induction. Methysticin is an aromatic ether and a member of 2-pyranones.

Parthenolide exhibits anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-Leishmania, and antimigraine effects, it inhibits nociception and neurogenic vasodilatation in the trigeminovascular system by targeting the TRPA1 channel.Parthenolide is also an inhibitor of the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway, can ameliorate cardiovascular derangement and outcome in endotoxic shock in rodents. (1Ar,7aS,10aS,10bS)-1a,5-dimethyl-8-methylidene-2,3,6,7,7a,8,10a,10b-octahydrooxireno[9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-b]furan-9(1aH)-one is a germacranolide.

P-menthan-3-ol is any secondary alcohol that is one of the eight possible diastereoisomers of 5-methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexan-1-ol. It has a role as a volatile oil component. It is a p-menthane monoterpenoid and a secondary alcohol.