Lutein and lycopene has chemopreventive activity, the possible mechanism is their antioxidant effects. Nutritional supplementation with lutein or lutein together with antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, improves visual function and symptoms in atrophic age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Lutein is a carotenol. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a food colouring. It derives from a hydride of a (6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene.

Carvacrol is a phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1). It has a role as a TRPA1 channel agonist, a volatile oil component, an antimicrobial agent, an agrochemical and a flavouring agent. It is a p-menthane monoterpenoid, a member of phenols and a botanical anti-fungal agent. It derives from a hydride of a p-cymene.

Scullcapflavone II is a tetramethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6, 7, 8 and 6' and hydroxy groups at positons 5 and 2' respectively. It has a role as an anti-asthmatic drug, an EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a dihydroxyflavone and a tetramethoxyflavone. It is functionally related to a flavone. Skullcapflavone II is a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, a widely used herbal medicine in anti-inflammatory and anticancer therapy in Korea. Skullcapflavone II may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic asthma.

Ergothioneine is a L-histidine derivative that is Nalpha,Nalpha,Nalpha-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a mercapto group. A naturally occurring metabolite of histidine synthesized by bacteria and fungi with antioxidant properties. It is found ubiquitously in plants and animals and is present in many human foodstuffs. It has a role as an antioxidant, a chelator, a xenobiotic metabolite, a plant metabolite and a fungal metabolite.

Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, blood-sugar-lowering, antiaging, and anti-cancer properties. It has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases（LOX, IC50=2.7 μM, kinases, sirtuins, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, livin and XIAP. Resveratrol regulates gene transcription via activation of the stimulus-regulated protein kinases Raf and ERK and the stimulus-responsive transcription factors TCF and Egr-1.

Cinnamaldehyde has vasodilator, anti-melanoma, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and anticancer effects, it possesses anti-bacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cinnamaldehyde has toxicity and antifeedant activities against the grain storage insects, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Cinnamaldehyde inhibited the expression of VEGF and HIF-α. (E)-cinnamaldehyde is the E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes. It has a role as a sensitiser, a hypoglycemic agent, a flavouring agent, a vasodilator agent, an antifungal agent, an EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a 3-phenylprop-2-enal and a member of cinnamaldehydes.

3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-yl acetate is a monoterpenoid that is the acetate ester of linalool. It forms a principal component of the essential oils from bergamot and lavender. It is a monoterpenoid and an acetate ester. It is functionally related to a linalool. Linalyl acetate, the main component of lavender oil is commonly used as a fragrance chemical in scented products. Linalyl acetate relaxes vascular smooth muscle through dephosphorylaton of myosin light chain. Linalyl acetate has genotoxicity.

The handsheet paper containing laccase and butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate shows a greater efficiency against the growth of bacteria.

7-ketocholesterol is a cholestanoid that consists of cholesterol bearing an oxo substituent at position 7. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent. It is a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid, a 3beta-sterol, a 7-oxo steroid and a cholestanoid. It is functionally related to a cholesterol.

4-coumaric acid methyl ester is a cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 4-coumaric acid. It has a role as an antifungal agent, a melanin synthesis inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, a plant metabolite and a fungal metabolite. It is a methyl ester, a member of phenols and a cinnamate ester. It is functionally related to a 4-coumaric acid. Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate is a model chromophore of the Photoactive Yellow Protein (PYP). Methyl 4-hydroxycinnamate can reduce IL-8 secretion at 10 ug/mL treatment concentrations; it may significantly contribute to antibacterial activities of Noni leaves.

Eugenol is a phenylpropanoid formally derived from guaiacol with an allyl chain substituted para to the hydroxy group. It is a major component of clove essential oil, and exhibits antibacterial, analgesic and antioxidant properties. It has been widely used in dentistry to treat toothache and pulpitis. It has a role as a sensitiser, a volatile oil component, an antibacterial agent, an analgesic, an antineoplastic agent, a flavouring agent, an EC 1.4.3. Eugenol is an essential oil found in cloves with herbicide,sedative,analgesic,antibacterial,anthelmintic,anti-inflammatory, cancer chemopreventive and antioxidant activities. Eugenol is shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation, the mRNA expression of COX-2, but not COX-1 and inhibit the GABAA current in trigeminal ganglion neurons. It could be developed as therapeutic agent against diseases with excessive osteoclast activity.