Magnoflorine possesses high activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor in vitro and in vivo, has antidiabetic potential activity; it also has sedative and anxiolytic effects, probably mediated by a GABAergic mechanism of action. Magnoflorine has protective effects, mediated by some mechanism other than prevention of micelle formation or protection of the erythrocyte membrane against osmotic imbalance. (S)-magnoflorine is an aporphine alkaloid that is (S)-corytuberine in which the nitrogen has been quaternised by an additional methyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is an aporphine alkaloid and a quaternary ammonium ion. It is functionally related to a (S)-corytuberine.

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rg3 is a ginsenoside found in Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-R positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. It has a role as an antioxidant and a plant metabolite. It is a glycoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a ginsenoside.

Uridine has antidepressant-like effects, and it has protective effects against drug-induced fatty liver. Uridine can increase the rate of potassium transport in mitochondria isolated from liver of low resistant rats, and inhibitors of the channel prevent the channel activating effect of Uridine. Uridine has inhibition of p53-dependent intestinal apoptosis initiated by 5-fluorouracil. Uridine is a ribonucleoside composed of a molecule of uracil attached to a ribofuranose moiety via a betaN1-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a drug metabolite, a human metabolite and a fundamental metabolite. It is functionally related to a uracil.

Chikusetsusaponin IVa is a novel AMPK activator, can induce insulin secretion from βTC3 cells via GPR40 mediated calcium and PKC pathways, may be developed into a new potential for therapeutic agent used in T2DM patients.Chikusetsusaponin IVa exerts antithrombotic effects, including minor hemorrhagic events. Chikusetsusaponin-IVa is a triterpenoid saponin. It has a role as a metabolite.

Balanophonin shows potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, it has antioxidant, and anti-cancer activities. (±)-Balanophonin shows significant antibacterial activity against cariogenic oral streptococci, Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus.

Bayogenin, arjunolic acid, hederagonic acid and 4-epi-hederagonic acid are gly-cogen phosphorylase inhibitors with moderate potency. Bayogenin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane.

Maltol is a naturally occurring organic compound that is flavour enhancer and flavouring agent. Maltol has neuroprotective effects against hypoxia-induced neuroretinal cell damage in R28 cells, and it has potential as a new neuroprotective therapeutic agent for oxidative stress-related ocular diseases, including glaucoma.Maltol exhibits hepatoprotective effect on alcohol-induced liver oxidative injury, may due to its potent antioxidant properties. 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone is a member of 4-pyranones. It has a role as a metabolite.

Lithospermoside has anti-oxidant,and anti-tumor promoting activities.

Corynoxine is a natural autophagy enhancer, promotes the clearance of Alpha-synuclein via Akt/mTOR pathway, it can significantly inhibit the oxidative stress of PC12 cells. Corynoxine is a member of indolizines. It has a role as a metabolite.

Salidroside is a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor, which has cardioprotective, antidiabetic,antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-tumor, and antioxidant actions. Salidroside alleviates cachexia symptoms in mouse models of cancer cachexia via activating mTOR signalling. It alleviates the pulmonary symptoms of paraquat-induced acute lung injury, at least partially, by repressing inflammatory cell infiltration and the expression of TGF-β1 resulting in delayed lung fibrosis; and it has protective effect against hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes necrosis and apoptosis by increasing HIF-1α expression and subsequently up-regulating VEGF levels. It may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases implicated with oxidative stress.