Sodium aescinate has immunity enhancing,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, may effectively control and improve wound healing in diabetic rats. It has obvious antiangiogenic effect, the initiation of angiogenesis and proliferation of endothelial cell are inhibited and the secretion of VEGF is also decreased. Sodium aescinate can protect the lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which may be mediated by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, upregulating Bcl-2 gene protein expression, improving the ratio of Bcl-2/ Bax to inhibit lung apoptosis.;it also can protect against liver injury induced by methyl parathion.

Diosmin is a disaccharide derivative that consists of diosmetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a monomethoxyflavone, a rutinoside, a dihydroxyflavanone, a glycosyloxyflavone and a disaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a diosmetin.

L-citrulline is the L-enantiomer of citrulline. It has a role as a micronutrient, a protective agent, a nutraceutical, an EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor, a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a human metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a D-citrulline. It is a tautomer of a L-citrulline zwitterion.

Neodiosmin has poor aqueous solubility but exerts a good debittering effect and is a strong antioxidant with potential applications in foods, beverages, and pharmaceutical preparations.

Coniferyl ferulate can inhibit Glutathione S-transferase activity in a concentration-dependent manner and show a potential MDR reversal effect for antitumour adjuvant therapy.

Dimethyl lithospermate B is a highly potent natural antioxidant and antidiabetic polyphenol with unknown mode of action.Dimethyl lithospermate B slows inactivation of INa, leading to increased inward current during the early phases of the action potential (AP), might be an excellent candidate for a Na(+) channel agonist; it is effective in eliminating the arrhythmogenic substrate responsible for the Brugada syndrome and that it deserves further study as a pharmacological adjunct to implanted cardioverter/defibrillator usage.

Mudanpioside C is a natural product from Paeonia lactiflora Pall.

Paeonolide is a natural product from Paeonia lactiflora Pall.

Ganoderol B is a tetracyclic triterpenoid that is lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 27. It has been isolated from several Ganoderma species. It has a role as an antiviral agent, a hepatoprotective agent and a fungal metabolite. It is a primary allylic alcohol, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a 3beta-sterol. It derives from a hydride of a lanostane. Ganoderol B is a potent α-glucosidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, with an IC(50) of α-glucosidase is 119.8 uM. It may be useful in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) therapy through suppressing the function of androgen and its receptor.

Tracheloside significantly decreases the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP), an estrogen-inducible marker enzyme, with an IC(50) value of 0.31 microg/ml, a level of inhibition comparable to that of tamoxifen (IC(50) = 0.43 microg/ml). Tracheloside is a natural product found particularly in Carthamus tinctorius and Trachelospermum. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a glycoside and a lignan.

N-Acetylneuraminic acid is a nine-carbon, sialic acid monosaccharide commonly found in glycoproteins on cell membranes and in glycolipids such as gangliosides in mammalian cells.Synthesis of pyrrolidine analogues of N‐acetylneuraminic acid could as potential sialidase inhibitors. N-Acetylneuraminic acid-containing substances has growth-promoting effects on bifidobacteria, a number of N-acetylneuraminic acid-based compounds as potential rotavirus inhibitors. N-acetyl-beta-neuraminic acid is N-Acetylneuraminic acid with beta configuration at the anomeric centre. It has a role as an epitope. It is functionally related to a beta-neuraminic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate.

Notoginsenosides Fa and R4 show significant neurite outgrowth enhancing activities in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells.

(R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol is an alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. It has a role as an antioxidant, an antiviral agent, a micronutrient, an EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor, an anticoagulant, a nutraceutical, an immunomodulator, an antiatherogenic agent, a plant metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is an enantiomer of a (S,S,S)-alpha-tocopherol.