Hecogenin, a steroid saponin isolated from Agave sisalana, is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of UGT1A4 with an IC50 value of 1.5 μM. Hecogenin has anti-cancer, antiproliferative,antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it can protect gastro by K⁺(ATP) channels opening and the COX-2/PG pathway. Hecogenin has inhibition of human rheumatoid arthritis synovial cell survival, the effect is associated with increased apoptosis, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2.

Demethylzeylasteral exhibits strong inhibition towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A6 and 2B7, and the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) are calculated to be 0.6 uM and 17.3 uM for UGT1A6 and UGT2B7, respectively. Demethylzeylasteral has antimicrobial, strong immunosuppressive, and antifertility activities; it concentration-dependently and in a partially reversible manner can inhibit the Ca(2+) current in spermatogenic cells with an IC(50) of 8.8 microg/ml, and it also can inhibit significantly the sperm acrosome reaction initiated by progesterone. Demethylzeylasteral is a carbopolycyclic compound with formula C29H36O6, originally isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii. It has a role as an EC 2.4.1.17 (glucuronosyltransferase) inhibitor, an immunosuppressive agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, a nephroprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of benzenediols, an arenecarbaldehyde, a carbopolycyclic compound, an oxo monocarboxylic acid, a cyclic ketone and an enone.

Lutein and lycopene has chemopreventive activity, the possible mechanism is their antioxidant effects. Nutritional supplementation with lutein or lutein together with antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, improves visual function and symptoms in atrophic age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). Lutein is a carotenol. It has a role as a plant metabolite and a food colouring. It derives from a hydride of a (6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene.

Isobavachalcone has anti-cancer, anthelmintic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, astringent and antiplatelet activities, Isobavachalcone can induce apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma via the mitochondrial pathway; it can significantly inhibit both oligomerization and fibrillization of Aβ42; it can suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression induced by macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2-kDa, polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, or lipopolysaccharide. Isobavachalcone is a member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'. It has a role as a metabolite, an antibacterial agent and a platelet aggregation inhibitor. It is a member of chalcones and a polyphenol. It is functionally related to a trans-chalcone.

Germacrone has anti-tumor activity, it can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated caspase pathway. Germacrone shows antiviral activity against the H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses and the influenza B virus in a dose-dependent manner, exerts an effective protection of mice from lethal infection and reduces the virus titres in the lung. Germacrone also moderately inhibits CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 activities in vitro, with IC50 values below 10 uM, and produces two oxidized metabolites and four glutathione conjugates. (E,E)-germacrone is a germacrane sesquiterpenoid that has formula C15H22O. It is a natural product found in traditional medicinal plants of the family Zingiberaceae. The compound exhibits a range of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, anti-androgenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, neuroprotective and insecticidal activities.

(-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate is a gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida. It has a role as a metabolite, an EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor and an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor. It is a catechin, a polyphenol and a gallate ester. It is functionally related to a gallic acid and a (-)-epicatechin. (-)-Epicatechin gallate can effectively stimulates osteoblast differentiation, it has antioxidative effect against lipid peroxidation when phospholipid bilayers are exposed to aqueous oxygen radicals.

Cryptotanshinone is a potent STAT3 inhibitor with IC50 of 4.6 μM, and inhibits STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation in DU145 prostate cancer cells. It is also an AR inhibitor to suppress androgen/AR-mediated cell growth and PSA expression by blocking AR dimerization and the AR-coregulator complex formation. Cryptotanshinone has anti-atherosclerosis, neuroprotective, anti-cancer,and anti-neointimal formation activities. Cryptotanshinone reverses DEX-induced androgen excess and ovarian IR in mice through activation of insulin signaling and the regulation of glucose transporters and hormone-synthesizing enzymes, it has an inhibitory effect on MMP-9 production and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells treated with TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. Cryptotanshinone is an abietane diterpenoid. It has a role as an anticoronaviral agent.

Lyciumin B is a cyclic peptide.

Lyciumin A is a cyclic peptide.

Garcinone C is a potent inhibitor of AChE. It is an active compound against both of pathogenic (MIC =100 μg/ml) and non-pathogenic leptospira (MIC = 200 μg/ml). Garcinone C exhibits either significant or moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7, A549, Hep-G2 and CNEhuman cancer cell lines in vitro.

Butin has antioxidant activity, can protect cells against H2O2-induced apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage and oxidative mitochondrial dysfunction; it attenuates oxidative stress by activating Nrf2-mediated Mn SOD induction via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Butin against H2O2-induced apoptosis were exerted via blockade of membrane potential depolarization, inhibition of the JNK pathway and mitochondria-involved caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, enhancing the expression of phosphorylated Akt (active form of Akt), a regulator of OGG1. Butin is a trihydroxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3', 4' and 7. It is found in Acacia mearnsii, Vernonia anthelmintica and Dalbergia odorifera and has a protective affect against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. It has a role as an antioxidant, a metabolite and a protective agent. It is a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones and a trihydroxyflavanone.

6,7,8-trimethoxy-1-benzopyran-2-one is a member of coumarins.

6-Hydroxykaempferol is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase compared to L-DOPA, it shows also high antioxidant activities.

Isokaempferide shows hepatoprotective, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects, the anti-inflammatory effects can be explained, at least in part, by reducing neutrophil degranulation, myeloperoxidase activity, mediators as well as TNF-alpha secretion. Isokaempferide is used as a bronchodilator, can induce relaxation of guinea-pig isolated trachea. 3-methoxyapigenin is a trihydroxyflavone that is apigenin substituted by a methoxy group at position 3. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxyflavone and a trihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to an apigenin.

Cimifugin evidently inhibits FITC-induced type 2 allergic contact dermatitis,and its mechanism might related to regulating the balance of Th1 /Th2 by inhibiting type 2 cytokines. Cimifugin displayed low to moderate inhibition towards AChE and BChE (3.12 and 21.63%, respectively) at 200 ug/mL. Cimifugin is an organic heterotricyclic compound and an oxacycle.

Fisetin is an antimetastatic,antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant flavonoid, it has beneficial effect on periodontal disease, may via inhibiting MAPK activation and COX-2 expression without affecting cell viability. Fisetin can ameliorate photodamage by suppressing the mitogen-activated protein Kinase/Matrix metalloproteinase pathway and nuclear factor-κB pathways. Fisetin suppresses the accumulation of intracellular lipids by inhibiting GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake through inhibition of the mTOR-C/EBPα signaling in 3T3-L1 cells. Fisetin is a 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3, 3' and 4'. It has a role as a geroprotector, an antioxidant, a metabolite, an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a 3'-hydroxyflavonoid, a tetrahydroxyflavone and a 7-hydroxyflavonol. It is a conjugate acid of a fisetin(1-).

Xanthatin is a novel potent inhibitor of VEGFR2 signaling, has significant antitumor activity against a variety of cancer cells through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction, it can inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth in breast cancer cells. Xanthatin has bactericidal and fungicidal activity, including against Colletotrichum gloesporoides, Trichothecium roseum, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.

Sophocarpine has anti-cachectic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. It has significant antivirus effects against coxsackievirus B3 and therapeutic effects for viral myocarditis in clinical, can ameliorate the ischemic injury induced by transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats, and may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent for chronic liver diseases. Sophocarpine inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, JNK, iNOS, COX-2, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, TLR4, and activated signaling pathway of AMPK.