Daphnoretin is a member of the class of coumarins that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group at position 7, a methoxy group at position 6 and a (2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl)oxy group at position 3. It has a role as an antiviral agent, a metabolite and an antineoplastic agent. It is an aromatic ether and a hydroxycoumarin. It is functionally related to a coumarin.

Hecogenin, a steroid saponin isolated from Agave sisalana, is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of UGT1A4 with an IC50 value of 1.5 μM. Hecogenin has anti-cancer, antiproliferative,antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it can protect gastro by K⁺(ATP) channels opening and the COX-2/PG pathway. Hecogenin has inhibition of human rheumatoid arthritis synovial cell survival, the effect is associated with increased apoptosis, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2.

Aconitine is a diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively. It is functionally related to an aconitane. Aconitine, one of the major Aconitum alkaloids, is a highly toxic compound from the Aconitum species, it appears to exert a long-lasting cholinergic action in the causation of severe arrhythmias leading to death.

Demethylzeylasteral exhibits strong inhibition towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A6 and 2B7, and the inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) are calculated to be 0.6 uM and 17.3 uM for UGT1A6 and UGT2B7, respectively. Demethylzeylasteral has antimicrobial, strong immunosuppressive, and antifertility activities; it concentration-dependently and in a partially reversible manner can inhibit the Ca(2+) current in spermatogenic cells with an IC(50) of 8.8 microg/ml, and it also can inhibit significantly the sperm acrosome reaction initiated by progesterone. Demethylzeylasteral is a carbopolycyclic compound with formula C29H36O6, originally isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii. It has a role as an EC 2.4.1.17 (glucuronosyltransferase) inhibitor, an immunosuppressive agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, a nephroprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of benzenediols, an arenecarbaldehyde, a carbopolycyclic compound, an oxo monocarboxylic acid, a cyclic ketone and an enone.

Isobavachalcone has anti-cancer, anthelmintic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, astringent and antiplatelet activities, Isobavachalcone can induce apoptotic cell death in neuroblastoma via the mitochondrial pathway; it can significantly inhibit both oligomerization and fibrillization of Aβ42; it can suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression induced by macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2-kDa, polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid, or lipopolysaccharide. Isobavachalcone is a member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'. It has a role as a metabolite, an antibacterial agent and a platelet aggregation inhibitor. It is a member of chalcones and a polyphenol. It is functionally related to a trans-chalcone.

Germacrone has anti-tumor activity, it can inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated caspase pathway. Germacrone shows antiviral activity against the H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses and the influenza B virus in a dose-dependent manner, exerts an effective protection of mice from lethal infection and reduces the virus titres in the lung. Germacrone also moderately inhibits CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 activities in vitro, with IC50 values below 10 uM, and produces two oxidized metabolites and four glutathione conjugates. (E,E)-germacrone is a germacrane sesquiterpenoid that has formula C15H22O. It is a natural product found in traditional medicinal plants of the family Zingiberaceae. The compound exhibits a range of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, anti-androgenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, neuroprotective and insecticidal activities.

(-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate is a gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida. It has a role as a metabolite, an EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor and an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor. It is a catechin, a polyphenol and a gallate ester. It is functionally related to a gallic acid and a (-)-epicatechin. (-)-Epicatechin gallate can effectively stimulates osteoblast differentiation, it has antioxidative effect against lipid peroxidation when phospholipid bilayers are exposed to aqueous oxygen radicals.

Cryptotanshinone is a potent STAT3 inhibitor with IC50 of 4.6 μM, and inhibits STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation in DU145 prostate cancer cells. It is also an AR inhibitor to suppress androgen/AR-mediated cell growth and PSA expression by blocking AR dimerization and the AR-coregulator complex formation. Cryptotanshinone has anti-atherosclerosis, neuroprotective, anti-cancer,and anti-neointimal formation activities. Cryptotanshinone reverses DEX-induced androgen excess and ovarian IR in mice through activation of insulin signaling and the regulation of glucose transporters and hormone-synthesizing enzymes, it has an inhibitory effect on MMP-9 production and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells treated with TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. Cryptotanshinone is an abietane diterpenoid. It has a role as an anticoronaviral agent.

Ginsenoside Rd, a minor ginseng saponin, has several pharmacological activities such as immunosuppressive activity, anti-inflammatory activity, immunological adjuvant, anti-cancer activity and wound-healing activity. Rd inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity with an IC50 of 12.05±0.82 μM in HepG2 cells. Rd inhibits expression of COX-2 and iNOS mRNA. Rd also inhibits Ca2+ influx. Rd inhibits CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9, with IC50s of 58.0±4.5 μM, 78.4±5.3 μM, 81.7±2.6 μM, and 85.1±9.1 μM, respectively. Ginsenoside Rd is a ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug, an immunosuppressive agent, a neuroprotective agent, an apoptosis inducer, a vulnerary and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a tetracyclic triterpenoid and a ginsenoside. It is functionally related to a (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3.

Pomiferin is a natural product inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes. It has anticancer, antibacterial and antidiabetic properties. Pomiferin has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities, it is effective in enhancing the activity of NSAID activated gene (NAG-1) at 2.5 pg/mL (1.5-1.8 fold increase) and inhibiting iNOS and NF-κB activity with IC50 values in the range of 6-13 ug/mL. Pomiferin has protection on kidney ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats.

Xanthohumol has anti-hepatitis C virus, anti-carcinogenic, free radical-scavenging, and anti-inflammatory activities, it can inhibit HIV-1 induced cytopathic effects, the production of viral p24 antigen and reverse transcriptase in C8166 lymphocytes at non-cytotoxic concentration. Xanthohumol may play a role in improving cognitive flexability in young animals. Xanthohumol has beneficial effects on markers of metabolic syndrome, it lowers body weight and fasting plasma glucose in obese male Zucker fa/fa rats. Xanthohumol is a member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells. It has a role as an antiviral agent, a metabolite, an antineoplastic agent, an EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor, an anti-HIV-1 agent and an apoptosis inducer.

Schizandrin C isolated from Schisandra chinensis could be used as a natural anti-neuroinflammatory agent, inducing phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes via cAMP/PKA/CREB and Nrf-2 signaling.

Secoisolariciresinol is an enterolignan precursor, it has antioxidant, and estrogen-like activities, it can significantly suppress triglyceride (TG) accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Secoisolariciresinol prevents d-GalN/LPS-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis through the blocking of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production by activated macrophages and direct inhibition of the apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha. (-)-Secoisolariciresinol exerts a suppressive effect on the gain of body weight of mice fed a high-fat diet by inducing gene expression of adiponectin, resulting in the altered expression of various genes related to the synthesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids. (-)-secoisolariciresinol is an enantiomer of secoisolariciresinol having ()-(2R,3R)-configuration. It has a role as an antidepressant, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-secoisolariciresinol.

Tenacissosides B, C, I and marsdenoside K inhibit the proliferation of Raji, NB4 and K562 cells in vitro significantly, in a dose and time dependent manner.

Monocrotaline is a pyrrolizidine alkaloid.

Garcinone C is a potent inhibitor of AChE. It is an active compound against both of pathogenic (MIC =100 μg/ml) and non-pathogenic leptospira (MIC = 200 μg/ml). Garcinone C exhibits either significant or moderate cytotoxicity against MCF-7, A549, Hep-G2 and CNEhuman cancer cell lines in vitro.

Butin has antioxidant activity, can protect cells against H2O2-induced apoptosis, oxidative DNA damage and oxidative mitochondrial dysfunction; it attenuates oxidative stress by activating Nrf2-mediated Mn SOD induction via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Butin against H2O2-induced apoptosis were exerted via blockade of membrane potential depolarization, inhibition of the JNK pathway and mitochondria-involved caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, enhancing the expression of phosphorylated Akt (active form of Akt), a regulator of OGG1. Butin is a trihydroxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 3', 4' and 7. It is found in Acacia mearnsii, Vernonia anthelmintica and Dalbergia odorifera and has a protective affect against oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. It has a role as an antioxidant, a metabolite and a protective agent. It is a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones and a trihydroxyflavanone.