Salvianolic acid E is a natural product from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

Astilbin has insecticidal, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, it may act as an efficient therapeutic agent for arthritis like cyclosporine A but with less toxicity, its mechanism includes a selective suppression on lymphocyte functions via reducing MMP and NO production. Astilbin can exert an early renal protective role to diabetic nephropathy (DN), inhibit production of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF).Astilbin also alleviates contact hypersensitivity through a unique mechanism involving a negative cytokine regulation through stimulating IL-10, which is distinct from the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A. Astilbin is a flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a radical scavenger, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite. It is a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones, an alpha-L-rhamnoside, a tetrahydroxyflavanone, a member of 3'-hydroxyflavanones, a monosaccharide derivative and a flavanone glycoside. It is functionally related to a (+)-taxifolin. It is an enantiomer of a neoastilbin.

Scutebarbatine A shows significant antitumor effects on A549 cells in vivo and in vitro via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by up-regulating expressions of caspase-3 and 9, and down-regulating Bcl-2. Scutebarbatine A and barbatine A show a significant ability to protect cells against H2O2 with ED50 values of 5.0 and 16.8 uM, respectively.

Hederagenin 3-O-arabinoside is a triterpenoid saponin that is hederagenin attached to an alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid, a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, an alpha-L-arabinopyranoside, a triterpenoid saponin and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a hederagenin. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane. Cauloside A exhibits concentration- and time-dependent mitochondriotoxic activities.

Highly purified Momordin II inhibits cell-free protein synthesis, releases adenine from rat liver ribosomes and from DNA, and has no RNase activity.

Soyasapogenol A shows estrogenic and hepatoprotective activities, it directly prevents apoptosis of hepatocytes, and secondly, inhibits the elevation of plasma TNF-α, which consequently resulted in the prevention of liver damage in the concanavalin A-induced hepatitis model. Soyasapogenol A is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanane containing a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 21beta, 22beta and 24-positions. It derives from a hydride of an oleanane.

Baohuoside aglycone possesses cardioprotective effect in prevention of ischemia/ reperfusion injury and reduce the myocardial infraction, the mechnism is due to the reduction of the injury of free radicals. Baohuoside VII in vivo exhibits significant anti-osteoporosis activity.

Betulin (Trochol), is a sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) inhibitor with an IC50 of 14.5 μM in K562 cell line. Betulin has hypoglycemic, antineoplastic, anti-HIV, antimalarial and anti-inflammatory activities. Betulin can improve hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance and reduce atherosclerotic plaques. Betulin inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and NF-κB signaling activation through STAT3 signaling, it is associated with activation of AMP kinase and inhibition of mTOR/p70S6K/pS6 signaling in these cells. Betulin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents. It has a role as an antiviral agent, a metabolite, an analgesic, an antineoplastic agent and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a diol and a pentacyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a lupane.

Loganin is a non-competitive inhibitor of BACE1 with IC50 of 47.97 μM an also inhibits AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 3.95 μM and 33.02 μM, respectively. Loganin has neuroprotective, anti-amnesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-shock effects, it also exhibits protective effects against hepatic injury and other diabetic complications associated with abnormal metabolic states and inflammation caused by oxidative stress and advanced glycation endproduct formation. Loganin can attenuate neuroinflammatory responses through the inactivation of NF-κB by NF-κB dependent inflammatory pathways and phosphorylation of MAPK in Aβ25-35-induced PC12 cells, and can protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK 1/2 MAPKs in SH-SY5Y cells. Loganin is an iridoid monoterpenoid with formula C17H26O10 that is isolated from several plant species and exhibits neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor, an EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor and a plant metabolite.

Danshenxinkun B has antioxIdant activity, it may have the potential of being used as natural antioxidants in foods and cosmetics.

Methylophiopogonone B is a homoisoflavonoid that is 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, methyl groups at positions 6 and 8 and a (4-methoxyphenyl)methyl group at position 3 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxybenzene, a member of resorcinols and a homoisoflavonoid. Methylophiopogonone B is a natural product from Ophiopogon japonicus.

Forsythoside E is a glycoside.

Purpurin is one of the natural colorants extracted from madder roots and other Rubiaceae family plants. Purpurin is a novel specific inhibitor of Adipocyte-derived leucine aminopeptidase, it exhibits anti-angiogenic, antifungal, antibiotic, and antioxidative activities. Purpurin is a trihydroxyanthraquinone derived from anthracene by substitution with oxo groups at C-9 and C-10 and with hydroxy groups at C-1, C-2 and C-4. It has a role as a biological pigment, a plant metabolite and a histological dye.