Magnolin has anti-inflammatory, anti-histaminic, and antioxidative effects, it might be a naturally occurring chemoprevention and therapeutic agent capable of inhibiting cell proliferation and transformation by targeting ERK1 and ERK2. Magnolin can ameliorate the renal tubular necrosis, apoptosis, and the deterioration of renal function, it reduces the renal oxidative stress, suppresses caspase-3 activity, and increases Bcl-2 expression in vivo and in vitro.

Cytidine is a pyrimidine nucleoside in which cytosine is attached to ribofuranose via a beta-N1-glycosidic bond. It has a role as a mouse metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a cytosine. Cytidine is a nucleoside molecule that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring, cytidine is a component of RNA.Cytidine deaminases APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F interact with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase and inhibit proviral DNA formation.

Regaloside B analogue. Reference standards.

Baohuoside aglycone possesses cardioprotective effect in prevention of ischemia/ reperfusion injury and reduce the myocardial infraction, the mechnism is due to the reduction of the injury of free radicals. Baohuoside VII in vivo exhibits significant anti-osteoporosis activity.

Betulin (Trochol), is a sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) inhibitor with an IC50 of 14.5 μM in K562 cell line. Betulin has hypoglycemic, antineoplastic, anti-HIV, antimalarial and anti-inflammatory activities. Betulin can improve hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance and reduce atherosclerotic plaques. Betulin inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and NF-κB signaling activation through STAT3 signaling, it is associated with activation of AMP kinase and inhibition of mTOR/p70S6K/pS6 signaling in these cells. Betulin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents. It has a role as an antiviral agent, a metabolite, an analgesic, an antineoplastic agent and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a diol and a pentacyclic triterpenoid. It derives from a hydride of a lupane.

Ipriflavone is a member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. It has a role as a bone density conservation agent. It is an aromatic ether and a member of isoflavones. Ipriflavone plays a direct role in modulating the synthetic and growth properties of osteoblast‐like cells. Ipriflavone directly stimulates markers of the osteoblast phenotype at a certain stage in bone formation without affecting undifferentiated cells that have not been committed to the osteogenic lineage.

Isovalerylshikonin, a new resistance-modifying agent from Arnebia euchroma, supresses antimicrobial resistance of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; it also has anti-mite activity. Isovalerylshikonin as a candidate of AChE inhibitor, it may prevent apoptotic cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide in human and rat neuronal SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells.

Clematichinenoside AR exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, it has anti-arthritic effects on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and TNF-α associated with collagen-induced arthritis. Clematichinenoside AR has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory cardioprotection effects against MI/R injury, it protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes against H/R-induced apoptosis through mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic signaling pathway.Clematichinenoside AR also could be used as an effective neuroprotective agent to protect against ischemic stroke after cerebral I/R injury through regulating both ERK1/2 and cPKC mediated p90RSK/CREB apoptotic pathways.

Phillyrin is a novel AMPK activator, has anti-obesity effects in nutritive obesity mice, it can prevent lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by blocking the expression of SREBP-1c and FAS through LKB1/AMPK activation. Phillyrin may be a new preventive agent of acute lung injury in the clinical setting, it potentially contributes to the suppression of the activation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways, it also has protective effects on H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells.

Praeruptorin E is a cardiotonic agent with selective cardiac calcium channel agonistic effect, it can relax swine coronary artery and decrease contractility in guinea-pig left atria. Praeruptorin E may be useful in the therapy of lung injury, it can protect mice from hydrochloric acid (HCl)-induced lung injury by inhibiting polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) influx, IL-6 release and protein exudation.

Narcissoside is a good 15-LO and α-glucosidase inhibitor, it with synergism of B.flavum flavonoid and rutin, could be responsible for stronger protection against mitochondrial induced oxidative stress. Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside is a monomethoxyflavone, a trihydroxyflavone, a glycosyloxyflavone and a disaccharide derivative.

Orientin has various activities including anti-oxidant, anti-aging, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, vasodilatation and cardioprotective, antiadipogenesis, antinociceptive, radiation protective, neuroprotective, and antidepressant-like effects. Orientin protects H9c2 cardio-mytocytes against I/R-induced apoptosis by modulating the mPTP opening, and this role of orientin may involve the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; it also can decrease C/EBPα and PPARγ protein expression level in 3T3-L1 cells. Orientin is a C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8. It has a role as an antioxidant and a metabolite. It is a C-glycosyl compound, a 3'-hydroxyflavonoid and a tetrahydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a luteolin.

Isoapetalic acid and apetalic acid exhibit cytotoxic activities towards both cancer cell lines(human breast cancer (MCF-7) and human lung carcinoma (A-549) cell lines) and both Gram-positive bacteria(two Gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus and B. subtilis and two Gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa and E. coli.).

Erianin is a diphenylethane that is 1,2-dihydrostilbene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3 and by methoxy groups at positions 4, 3', 4', and 5'. It is isolated from Dendrobium species. It has a role as an autophagy inducer, a ferroptosis inducer, an antioxidant, an antibacterial agent, a non-narcotic analgesic, an antipyretic, an antineoplastic agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, an antipsoriatic, a neuroprotective agent, an anti-inflammatory agent, an apoptosis inducer and a plant me. Erianin, often used as an antipyretic and analgesic agent, it also has antiangiogenic action by inhibiting endothelial metabolism in a JNK/SAPK-dependent manner and inducing endothelial cytoskeletal disorganisation.