Timosaponin AI can inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) activity in a dose-dependent manner, the DPP-4 inhibitor has been clinically used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Pectolinarigenin possesses anti-inflammatory, antiallergic and hepatoprotective activities.It is a dual inhibitor of COX-2/5-LOX,and the IC50 >1 microM; it also can increase activity levels of GSH, GR, GCS, and GST, as well as SOD. Pectolinarigenin is a dimethoxyflavone that is the 6,4'-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a dimethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to a scutellarein.

Gossypol is an effective natural antimicrobial agent against a wide range of potential fungal pathogens of cotton.Gossypol shows a significant increase in accumulation of acidic vesicular organelle, is a promising drug that induces autophagic cell death in radioresistant malignant glioma.Gossypol binds to Bcl-xL protein and Bcl-2 protein with Kis of 0.5-0.6 μM and 0.2-0.3 mM, respectively. Gossypol is an aldehyde, a hydroxynaphthalene, a polyphenol and a hexol. It has a role as an antispermatogenic agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and a plant metabolite.

Bavachin is a phytoestrogen that activates the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ with EC50s of 320 and 680 nM, respectively. It is a cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, may have therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes by activating insulin signaling pathways. Bavachin can stimulate the genetic expression of VEGF in PB,and directly help the fracture healing, and potentially protect cartilage from inflammation-mediated damage in joints of osteoarthritis patients through decreasing IL-1β-induced activation of IKK-IκBα-NF-κB signaling pathway. Bavachin has suppressive effects against pigmentation by melanin in the skin.

Chebulagic acid is a potent DNA topoisomerase inhibitor, and is also COX-2 and 5-LOX dual inhibitor. Chebulagic acid may be of value as broad-spectrum antivirals for limiting emerging/ recurring viruses known to engage host cell glycosaminoglycans for entry. Chebulagic acid can be used to control blood glucose and manage type 2 diabetes, although clinical trials are needed.

Arachidonic acid is 1 of only 2 unsaturated fatty acids retained in the ovaries of crustaceans and an inhibitor of HR97g, a nuclear receptor expressed in adult ovaries. Arachidonic acid induces retinal arteriolar vasodilation by inhibiting subcellular Ca(2+)-signaling activity in retinal arteriolar myocytes, most likely through a mechanism involving the inhibition of L-type Ca(2+)-channel activity. Arachidonic acid causes an increase in free cytoplasmic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in differentiated skeletal multinucleated myotubes C2C12 and does not induce calcium response in C2C12 myoblasts. Arachidonic acid is a long-chain fatty acid that is a C20, polyunsaturated fatty acid having four (Z)-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14. It has a role as a mouse metabolite, a human metabolite, an EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor and a Daphnia galeata metabolite. It is a long-chain fatty acid, an omega-6 fatty acid and an icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an arachidonate. It derives from a hydride of a (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraene.

Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, blood-sugar-lowering, antiaging, and anti-cancer properties. It has a wide spectrum of targets including cyclooxygenases(i.e. COX, IC50=1.1 μM), lipooxygenases（LOX, IC50=2.7 μM, kinases, sirtuins, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, livin and XIAP. Resveratrol regulates gene transcription via activation of the stimulus-regulated protein kinases Raf and ERK and the stimulus-responsive transcription factors TCF and Egr-1.

Alkannin is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. Alkannin， Found in Alkanna tinctoria as a food coloring agent. Alkannin has anti-cancer activity, inhibits cell cycle, and induces cell apoptosis.Alkannin improves liver inflammation in the Rho kinase pathway.

Apigenin-7-0-glucuronide is a glucosiduronic acid and a member of flavonoids.

11-Keto-beta-boswellic acid, a novel Nrf2 activator, and a selective 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor; it exerts dose dependent cardioprotective effect manifested by dose-dependent reduction in serum lactate dehydrogenase; and it can increase the Nrf2 and HO-1 expression, which provides protection against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced oxidative insult. 11-Keto-beta-boswellic acid possesses significant anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumoral activities. 11-Keto-beta-boswellic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid acid derived from the oil resin of the bark of the Boswellia serrate tree, commonly known as Indian Frankincense. 11-Keto-beta-boswellic acid has anti-inflammatory activity, mainly due to its inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), leukotriene, NF - κ B activation, and tumor necrosis factor alpha production.

Verbasoside is a glycoside.

Acacetin is a monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin. It has a role as an anticonvulsant and a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is functionally related to an apigenin. It is a conjugate acid of a 5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-chromen-7-olate. Acacetin is an atrium-selective agent that prolongs the atrial effective refractory period without prolonging the corrected QT interval and effectively prevents atrial fibrillation (AF) in anesthetized dogs after intraduodenal administration. Acacetin has anti-cancer, anti-mutagenic, spasmolytic and antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and anti-peroxidative effects. Acacetin is an orally effective flavonoid derived from Dendranthema morifolium. Acacetin stops in the ATP binding pocket of PI3K γ. Acacetin causes cancer cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis and autophagy. Acacia extract has effective anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities, and has the potential for research on pain related diseases.

Quercetin 3-beta-gentiobioside is a quercetin O-glycoside in which the hydroxy hydrogen at position 3 of quercetin has been replaced by a gentiobiosyl group. It has a role as a Brassica napus metabolite. It is a tetrahydroxyflavone, a disaccharide derivative and a quercetin O-glycoside. It is functionally related to a gentiobiose. It is a conjugate acid of a quercetin 3-beta-gentiobioside(2-). Quercetin-3-gentiobioside may show significant inhibitor on AR and AGEs formation activities.

6-Shogaol has anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory effects, it can inhibit the growth of human pancreatic tumors and sensitize them to gemcitabine by suppressing of TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways linked to tumorigenesis. 6-Shogaol induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in relation to caspase activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, affects the ER stress signaling by regulating unfolded protein response (UPR) sensor PERK and its downstream target eIF2α.

Wogonin is a dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an angiogenesis inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor and a plant metabolite. It is a monomethoxyflavone and a dihydroxyflavone. It is a conjugate acid of a wogonin(1-). Wogonin is an inhibitor of CDK9, which has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities, it could be developed into an efficient natural sensitizer for resistant human myelogenous leukemia. It has a wide spectrum of targets including PGE2, NO, Nrf2, Src, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, NFκB,MLCK, MLC.

Hyperforin acts as an angiogenesis inhibitor, it as a possible antidepressant component of hypericum extracts. Hyperforin acts as a dual inhibitor of 5-LO and COX-1 in intact cells as well as on the catalytic activity of the crude enzymes, suggesting therapeutic potential in inflammatory and allergic diseases connected to eicosanoids.

Abietic acid, an abietane diterpenoid, inhibited soybean 5-lipoxygenase with an IC50 of 29.5 ± 1.29 μM.Abietic acid acts as a PPARα/γ dual activator to inhibit UVB-induced MMP-1 expression and age-related inflammation by suppressing NF-κB and the MAPK/AP-1 pathway and can be a useful agent for improving skin photoageing. Abietic acid can be used not only for anti-inflammation but also for regulating lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. Abietic acid is an abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a monocarboxylic acid and an abietane diterpenoid. It is a conjugate acid of an abietate.