Glucoraphanin, the bioprecursor of the widely extolled chemopreventive agent sulforaphane found in broccoli, it has antioxidant activity, it induces phase-I xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and increases free radical generation in rat liver. Glucoraphanin can ameliorates obesity and insulin resistance through adipose tissue browning and reduction of metabolic endotoxemia in mice. Glucoraphanin and Glucoerucin effectively act as antagonists for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and this may contribute to their established chemoprevention potency.

Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside with a wide range of biological activities, including pancreas-protective, chondroprotective, antispasmodic, liver-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-algesic as well as anti-tumor activities. Aucubin prevents neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats with diabetic encephalopathy, it also has protective effects on H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Aucubin may improve obesity-induced atherosclerosis by attenuating TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses. Aucubin suppresses hepatitis B viral DNA replication in vitro. Aucubin is an organic molecular entity. It has a role as a metabolite.

Albiflorin is a monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora. It has a role as a neuroprotective agent and a plant metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, a secondary alcohol, a bridged compound, a benzoate ester, a gamma-lactone and a monoterpene glycoside. Albiflorin has anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant-like effects. Albiflorin may reduce or prevent osteoblast degeneration in osteoporosis, and may promote the recovery of bone marrow hemopoietic function in a myelosuppressed mouse model, it has neuroprotective effect on primary hippocampal cells against β-amyloid induced toxicity. Albiflorin is a monoterpene glycoside with neuroprotective effects that can cross the blood-brain barrier. It also exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties.

Alpinetin is an ether and a member of flavonoids. Alpinetin has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities; it inhibits proliferation ,regulates of the Bcl-2 family and XIAP expression, releases of cytochrome c and activates caspases. Alpinein is a flavonoid compound isolated from cardamom, which has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, liver protective, cardiovascular protective, lung protective, antibacterial, antiviral, and neuroprotective properties. Alpinetin can inhibit inflammation caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), activate PPAR - γ, activate Nrf2, and inhibit the expression of TLR4 to protect against LPS induced kidney injury.

7-O-Methyl morroniside is a natural product from Lonicera morrowii. 7-O-Methyl morroniside is a iridoid glycoside (IG) extracted from Cornus officinalis and used in many traditional Chinese medicines

Gallotannin is a class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose). It is functionally related to a gallic acid.

Agnuside is a benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with the primary hydroxy group of aucubin. It is an iridoid glycoside found in several Vitex plants including Vitex agnus-castus. It has a role as a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, an anti-inflammatory agent, a pro-angiogenic agent and a plant metabolite. Agnuside has anti-arthritic activity, it also shows inhibition of vascular permeability and leukocyte migration in vivo.It inhibited an array of pro-inflammatory mediators (PGE(2) and LTB(4)) and T-cell-mediated cytokines (IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17). Agnuside can be used in research on asthma, inflammation, and vascular diseases. Agnuside is an orally effective compound that can be extracted from Huangjing.