Product name: Rubropunctamine
Synonym name: Rubropunctatin；
Catalogue No.: BP5144
Cas No.: 514-66-9
Formula: C₂₁H₂₃NO₄
Mol Weight: 353.418
Botanical Source:
Type of Compound: Alkaloids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

HPLC of Rubropunctamine

NMR of Rubropunctamine

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Rubropunctamine (CAS No.: 514-66-9), as a typical red yeast rice pigment, has attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years due to its unique chemical structure and diverse biological activities. Monascus pigments mainly come from fermentation products of Monascus spp., with pentamine being one of the representative red pigments. It not only exhibits remarkable antibacterial activity, especially against various bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungal strains, but also exhibits potential embryotoxicity and teratogenicity under certain conditions, indicating that its medicinal safety should be carefully evaluated. This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of panshongamine, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and to explore its clinical application prospects and research prospects, providing theoretical basis and reference for subsequent related studies.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Panesolin has the molecular formula of C_21H_23NO_4 and a molecular weight of 353.4180. Its chemical structure belongs to the Monascus pigment class, featuring a typical polycyclic aromatic structure and amino substituents, giving it remarkable color and biological activity. Pansiramide's LogP value was 3.4782, indicating good lipid solubility and facilitating penetration of cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The latter was evaluated as having high penetration ability, which is of positive significance for its potential applications in central nervous system diseases. Its topological polar surface area (TPSA) is 72.4700, indicating that the molecule has certain polar groups that facilitate binding to biological targets.

Low water solubility (0.0094 mg/mL) suggests limited solubility in the aqueous phase, which may affect absorption and bioavailability in vivo. Additionally, paneurethyrine did not show hERG channel inhibitory effects, suggesting a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames trial scored 0.9, indicating a low genotoxicity risk, but further in vivo and in vitro safety validation is needed.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Pansuramine mainly originates from fermentation products of the Monascus spp. genus. Monascus is a class of traditional fermentation microorganisms widely used in the food industry and natural pigment production. Panseramine, as a secondary metabolite of Monascus monascus, usually coexists with other monascorubrin pigments such as Monascorubrin and Monascorubramine.

The extraction process for panehongamine mainly includes solid-state or liquid fermentation, followed by purification through organic solvent extraction and chromatographic separation. Common extraction solvents include ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate, as they effectively dissolve fat-soluble pigments. During extraction, pH, temperature, and fermentation time must be controlled to optimize product yield and purity. In recent years, new technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have shown potential in improving the efficiency of panshyramine extraction and reducing energy consumption.

Pharmacological activity research

Antibacterial activity

Panehongrine exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, inhibiting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Studies have shown that Panserygium exhibits a low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against common pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, demonstrating good antibacterial potential. Additionally, panseimine also inhibits certain yeasts (such as Candida albicans) and filamentous fungal strains, suggesting its value in the antifungal field.

Other biological activities

In addition to its antibacterial effects, pansulin has also been reported to possess certain levels of embryotoxicity and teratogenicity, indicating that it requires special attention to safety evaluation during drug development. Some in vitro cell experiments have shown that panehongamine may induce apoptosis and DNA damage at high concentrations, suggesting its potential cytotoxicity.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The antibacterial effects of panehong amine involve multiple key molecular targets, including bacterial DNA replication, cell wall synthesis, metabolic enzyme activity, and fungal membrane proteins.

• DNA gyrase subunit A (GYRA): Panserygine can inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase, blocking DNA replication and leading to inhibited bacterial proliferation.
• Cell wall synthases (FABI, FTSZ, PENA): disrupts the integrity of bacterial cell walls by interfering with the activity of key cell wall enzymes, promoting cell lysis.
• Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR): Inhibits folate metabolism and affects bacterial nucleic acid synthesis.
• Fungus-specific targets (ERG11, CYP51A1): Pansigamide inhibits key enzymes ERG11 and CYP51A1 in the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, disrupting the fungal membrane structure.
• Multidrug resistance-associated protein (CDR1): Panshomine may enhance antifungal effects by regulating the expression or function of fungal multidrug resistance protein CDR1.

In addition, pansirin may also exert antibacterial effects by affecting cell membrane permeability and energy metabolism. Its multi-target mechanism of action provides a theoretical basis for the development of novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial drugs.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

The druggability parameters of pansirin indicate that it has certain potential for drug development. Its moderate molecular weight and lipid solubility support its excellent cell membrane penetration capability. High blood-brain barrier permeability enables its application in central nervous system infections or related diseases. Low hERG suppression risk reduces concerns about cardiotoxicity.

However, panseirine has poor water solubility, which may limit oral absorption and bioavailability. Pharmacological improvements such as nanocarriers and liposome encapsulation strategies are needed to enhance its solubility and stability. Ames test results showed a low genotoxicity risk, but the embryonic toxicity and teratogenicity suggested a systematic toxicological evaluation was needed.

Currently, pharmacokinetic research on panshong amine is limited. Preliminary in vivo experiments suggest that its cytochrome P450 enzyme system may be involved in hepatic metabolism, and its metabolites and their activities require further study. Key pharmacokinetic parameters of panerythromy, such as half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance rate, urgently require supplementary data support.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

As a natural Monascus pigment, Pansulin shows broad clinical application prospects due to its remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities. Its multi-target mechanism of action is expected to overcome traditional antibiotic resistance issues and is an important candidate for developing novel anti-infective drugs. Especially in the context of the increasing number of resistant strains, the research and development of Panshanin is of great significance.

Additionally, paneuretamine's high blood-brain barrier penetration suggests its potential application value in brain infections, neuroinflammation, and other fields. In the future, drug delivery systems can be combined to optimize their pharmacokinetic properties and enhance therapeutic outcomes.

However, the risk of epitotoxicity and teratogenic risk of panshong amine should not be ignored, and systematic safety evaluation and dose optimization studies must be conducted before clinical application. Combining modern drug design technologies to modify the structure of panehongrine to reduce toxicity and enhance selectivity will be a key focus of future research.

At the same time, the application of panehongrine in the food industry is also worth attention. As a natural colorant, its safety and functionality need further clarification to expand its use in food additives and functional foods.

Conclusion

As an important member of Monascus pigment, Pansirin demonstrates significant research value and application potential in the field of natural product pharmacology thanks to its unique chemical structure and multi-target antibacterial mechanism. Despite its outstanding antibacterial activity, the risk of embryonic toxicity and teratogenicity suggests that clinical translation should be approached cautiously. In the future, research on pharmacokinetics and toxicology should be strengthened, combined with modern medicinal chemistry and formulation technologies to optimize druggability and promote the development of panhongamine toward a safe and efficient antibacterial drug. Through multidisciplinary collaboration, pansulfurin is expected to become an important natural product drug candidate to address the challenge of antimicrobial resistance.