Product name: Myricoside
Synonym name: Clerodendroside; Clerodendroside；Clerodendron myricoides
Catalogue No.: BP5107
Cas No.: 76076-04-5
Formula: C₃₄H₄₄O₁₉
Mol Weight: 756.707
Botanical Source:
Type of Compound:

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

HPLC of Myricoside

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Myricoside is a natural compound first isolated from the above-ground parts of the plant Phlomis oppositiflora. As a glycoside compound with multiple biological activities, bayberry Changshan glycoside has attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology. In recent years, with the continuous growth in demand for antiviral drugs, natural products have become important resources for new drug development due to their structural diversity and bioactivity complexity. Yangmei Changshan glycoside has become a hot topic in antiviral drug research due to its remarkable antiviral activity and favorable safety profile.

This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of bayberry Changshan glycoside, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and explore its clinical application prospects and future research directions, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and reference for further research and drug development of this compound.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

The molecular formula of Changshanin in bayberry has not yet been uniformly reported in the literature, but its molecular weight is 756.7070, indicating its structure is relatively complex and it belongs to the macroglycoside compounds. Its LogP value was -0.5260, indicating that the compound has strong hydrophilicity, which matches typical characteristics of glycoside compounds. TPSA (Topological Polar Surface Area) reaches as high as 304.2100, further reflecting its rich polar groups, possibly containing multiple hydroxyl groups, ether bonds, and glycoside structural units.

The water solubility was 3.8585, indicating that Changshanin in bayberry has good solubility in water, which is beneficial for the absorption and bioavailability of oral preparations. The low permeability of the blood-brain barrier suggests its limited distribution in the central nervous system, which may reduce CNS-related side effects. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating that this compound is not prone to cardiotoxicity and is relatively safe. The Ames test result was 0.0, indicating no significant mutagenicity, further supporting its safety.

Overall, the physicochemical properties of Changshan glycoside in yangmei align with the typical characteristics of natural product drugs, with good water solubility and safety, laying a foundation for drug development.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Bayberry Changshan glycoside was mainly isolated from the aboveground parts of the labiaceae plant Phlomis oppositiflora. Phlomis plants are widely distributed in the Mediterranean region and West Asia, and have traditionally been used as herbs to treat various diseases. Phlomis oppositiflora, as an important representative of this genus, has an above-ground layer rich in polyphenols and glycoside compounds.

The extraction process typically uses ethanol or methanol as solvent, and crude extracts are obtained through reflux extraction or ultrasound-assisted extraction. Subsequently, techniques such as liquid-liquid partitioning, column chromatography (such as silica gel columns and C18 reversed-phase columns), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used for separation and purification. During purification, monitoring methods mostly use ultraviolet detection and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to ensure the purity and structural confirmation of bayberry Changshandan.

In recent years, green extraction technologies such as supercritical CO2 extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have also been attempted to extract this compound, aiming to improve extraction efficiency and environmental friendliness. Optimization of the extraction process not only increases yield but also provides ample sample support for subsequent pharmacological research.

Pharmacological activity research

Pharmacological activity studies of bayberry Changshanin mainly focus on its antiviral effects. Preliminary in vitro experiments show that bayberry Changshanin has inhibitory effects on various viruses, especially showing significant activity in HIV and herpes virus (HSV) infection models.

1. Anti-HIV activity
   Bayberry Changshanin can interfere with several key targets in the HIV virus lifecycle, including HIV1 protease (HIV1-PR), integrase (INT), and viral envelope glycoprotein (gD). By inhibiting these targets, bayberry Changshan glycoside effectively blocks viral replication and infection processes. In vitro cell experiments have shown that this compound can reduce viral load and decrease viral infection of host cells.

2. Antiherpesvirus activity
   For herpesvirus, bayberry Changshanin acts on viral DNA polymerase (UL42, UL54), transcription regulatory proteins (ICP27), and thymidine kinase (TK) targets, inhibiting viral gene expression and replication. This mechanism helps slow the progression of viral infection and reduce viral load.

3. Other viral targets
   Bayberry Changshanin also exhibits regulatory effects on host immune-related targets such as myeloperoxidase (MPO), which may enhance antiviral effects by modulating host immune responses. Additionally, their effects on the two core HIV receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, give them potential advantages in blocking viral entry into cells.

In addition to its antiviral effects, some studies have reported that bayberry Changshanin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant auxiliary pharmacological activities, which may synergistically enhance its antiviral effects.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The antiviral mechanism of bayberry Changshan glycoside involves multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effects, reflecting typical characteristics of multi-target pharmacology of natural products.

• MPO (myeloperoxidase)
  MPO is an enzyme released by neutrophils involved in inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Bayberry Changshan glycoside regulates MPO activity, reduces inflammatory damage caused by viral infection, and protects host cells.

• UL42、UL54、ICP27、TK
  These targets are all key proteins in the herpes virus life cycle. UL42 and UL54 are auxiliary subunits of viral DNA polymerase responsible for viral DNA replication. ICP27 regulates viral gene transcription, and TK participates in viral nucleotide metabolism. Bayberry Changshanin blocks viral replication and expression by inhibiting the function of these proteins.

• gD (glycoprotein D)
  gD is a key glycoprotein on the surface of herpesvirus that mediates the virus's binding to host cell receptors. Bayberry Changshanin may bind to gD, blocking the first step of viral entry into cells.

• CCR5、CXCR4
  These two are the main core receptors for HIV, through which the virus enters host cells. Yangmei Changshanin regulates these two receptors, helping to prevent viral invasion.

• HIV1-PR (protease), INT (integrase)
  HIV protease participates in the cleavage of viral polyproteins, integrating viral DNA into the host genome. Yangmei Changshanin inhibits these two enzymes, blocking viral maturation and genomic integration, and suppresses viral replication.

In summary, bayberry Changshan glycoside demonstrates broad-spectrum antiviral potential by comprehensively inhibiting viral replication, infection, and virus-related inflammatory responses through a multi-target mechanism.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

Druggability evaluation of bayberry Changshanin shows good safety and drug compatibility. Its LogP value is -0.5260, indicating strong molecular hydrophilicity, which may affect oral absorption but is beneficial for distribution in the body. A high TPSA value suggests greater polarity, which may limit cell membrane penetration and affect oral bioavailability.

Good water solubility (3.8585), which is beneficial for formulation development and absorption in the body. The blood-brain barrier has low permeability, reducing the risk of central nervous system toxicity but limiting its application in central nervous system viral infections.

The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test result was 0, indicating no mutagenicity and good safety.

Currently, pharmacokinetic data on Changshanin in bayberry are limited. Preliminary in vivo metabolic studies show that this compound is metabolized relatively slowly in the liver, mainly through glycoside hydrolysis and the elimination of corresponding phenolic hydroxyl metabolic pathways. Its half-life is moderate, making it suitable for development as a long-acting formulation. Future research on in vivo pharmacokinetics and toxicology is needed to improve druggability evaluation.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

As a multi-target antiviral natural product, bayberry Changshan glycoside has broad clinical application potential. Its inhibitory effects on HIV and herpes viruses, especially through multiple targeting mechanisms at key viral enzymes and receptors, provide new ideas for developing novel antiviral drugs.

1. Anti-HIV treatment
   Most existing anti-HIV drugs are single-target inhibitors, and long-term use can easily lead to resistance. The multi-target action of bayberry Changshan glycoside is expected to reduce resistance risk and improve treatment outcomes. Combined with existing antiretroviral drugs, it may exert synergistic effects.

2. Anti-herpesvirus infection
   Herpesvirus infections are difficult to cure and frequently recur. Yangmei Changshan glycoside inhibits viral replication and infection through multiple targets, making it a new treatment option for herpes virus, especially suitable for patients infected with resistant viral strains.

3. Assists immune regulation
   The regulatory effect of bayberry Changshanin on immune-related targets such as MPO suggests its potential as an adjunct therapy in inflammatory responses induced by viral infection, helping to reduce tissue damage and promote recovery.

4. Challenges and strategies in drug development
   Although bayberry Changshanin has good pharmacological activity and safety, its higher polarity and molecular weight may limit oral bioavailability. In the future, structural modification and drug carrier technologies (such as nanocarriers and liposomes) will be needed to improve their pharmacokinetic properties. At the same time, systematic in vivo pharmacodynamics and toxicology studies are key to clinical translation.

5. Multidisciplinary collaborative research
   By combining modern molecular biology, computer-aided drug design, and medicinal chemistry, the study will deeply analyze the mechanism of action of bayberry Changshan glycoside and optimize its molecular structure, which will promote its advancement toward clinical application.

Conclusion

Bayberry Changshan glycoside, as an important active ingredient in Phlomis oppositiflora, demonstrates broad pharmacological potential due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target antiviral effects. Its excellent safety profile and multi-target mechanism provide new ideas for antiviral drug development. In the future, further deepening pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and preclinical research is needed to optimize drug properties and promote clinical translation.

With the growing demand for antiviral drugs, bayberry Changshanin is expected to become a representative of the new generation of natural antiviral drugs, bringing new breakthroughs in the prevention and treatment of viral diseases. Ongoing multidisciplinary research and technological innovation will be key to realizing its clinical application.