Product name: Irisolidone 7-O-glucoside
Synonym name: Kakkalidone
Catalogue No.: BP2209
Cas No.: 126308-74-5
Formula: C₂₃H₂₄O₁₁
Mol Weight: 476.434
Botanical Source:
Type of Compound:

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Nepalese Irisolidone 7-O-glucoside (CAS No. 126308-74-5) is a natural isoflavone mainly found in Pueraria lobata. As an important member of the isoflavone family, Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its remarkable biological activity, especially its liver-protective effect and its efficient blocking ability to block the Volume-Regulated Anion Channel (VRAC). Moreover, an increasing number of studies reveal its potential application value in the anti-diabetes field, involving multiple key metabolic targets. This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure, plant origin, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and clinical application prospects of Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside, providing a theoretical basis and reference for subsequent research and development.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside belongs to the isoflavone class of compounds, with a molecular weight of 476.4340 and a molecular formula of C_22H_22O_12. Its structural features include a typical tricyclic isoflavone backbone, with the 7-hydroxyl group linked to glucose molecules via glycosidic bonds to form 7-O-glucosides. This glycosylation modification significantly affects its water solubility and bioavailability.

In terms of physicochemical properties, Nepalese iris xanthin-7-glucoside has a LogP value of 0.4561, indicating low lipid solubility, and water solubility of 0.5576, indicating good water solubility. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 168.2800, and a higher TPSA value is usually associated with poor cell membrane permeability, which also aligns with its low blood-brain barrier permeability. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames trial scored 0.9, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and good safety.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Nepalese iris xanthin-7-glucoside is mainly found in Pueraria lobata, the flower part of the leguminous plant Pueraria lobata, and is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for fever reduction, detoxification, and improving blood circulation. Kudzu root flower is rich in various isoflavone compounds, among which Nepal irisin-7-glucoside is relatively high and is one of its main active ingredients.

The extraction method typically uses alcohol extraction combined with liquid chromatography separation technology. The specific steps include:
1. Take dried kudzu root flowers and crush them, then extract them by reflux with 70% ethanol, generally taking 2-3 hours.
2. After filtration and concentration, the extract is separated and purified using silica gel column chromatography or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).
3. Confirm structure and purity by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
In recent years, ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction technologies have also been applied to improve extraction efficiency and purity, further advancing research and development of this compound.

Pharmacological activity research

Liver-protective activity

Nepalese iris xanthin-7-glucoside has shown significant liver-protective effects. Multiple in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that this compound can effectively reduce liver cell damage and inhibit the progression of liver fibrosis. Its hepatoprotective mechanisms mainly include antioxidant stress, inhibition of inflammatory factor release, and regulation of apoptosis signaling pathways. For example, in liver injury models, Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside significantly reduces malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increases superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and alleviates oxidative damage.

Blocking effect of anion channels (VRAC).

Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside efficiently blocks volumetric regulated anion channels (VRAC), with a IC_50 of about 9.8 μM. VRAC plays a key role in cell volume regulation, apoptosis, and ionic homeostasis. Its abnormal activation is associated with various diseases, such as cerebral edema and tumor cell proliferation. Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside may regulate ionic balance inside and outside cells by blocking VRAC, thereby protecting cells, suggesting its potential application value in the treatment of related diseases.

Antidiabetic activity

In recent years, research on irisin-7-glucoside in Nepal has been increasing in the anti-diabetes field. Its effects involve multiple metabolic signaling pathways and targets, including AMPK (PRKAA1), SGLT2, GCK, PPARG, AKT1, DPP4, IRS1, SLC2A4, and PIK3R1. Experimental data show that this compound can regulate glucose metabolism, enhance insulin sensitivity, promote glucose uptake, and inhibit diabetes-related enzyme activity, thereby improving blood sugar levels and metabolic disorders. Its multi-target mechanism of action provides a theoretical basis for the development of novel antidiabetic drugs.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The pharmacological mechanism of irisin-7-glucoside in Nepal is complex, involving multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways.

1. AMPK signaling pathway
   AMPK is a key regulator of cellular energy metabolism, participating in the regulation of glycolipid metabolism. Nepalese iris xanthin-7-glucoside can activate AMPK, promote glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation, improve insulin resistance, and exert antidiabetic effects.

2. SGLT2 inhibition
   SGLT2 is a transporter protein responsible for glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidney. Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside promotes urinary glucose excretion and lowers blood sugar by inhibiting SGLT2.

3. PPARγ activates
   PPARγ is an important regulatory factor for adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity. This compound activates PPARγ, regulates lipid metabolism, and improves symptoms related to metabolic syndrome.

4. DPP4 inhibition
   DPP4 can degrade glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and affect insulin secretion. Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside inhibits DPP4 activity, prolongs GLP-1 action, and promotes insulin secretion.

5. The anion channel VRAC is blocked
   By blocking VRAC, it regulates cell ion balance, reduces cell damage and apoptosis, and protects liver cells and other tissue cells.

These multi-target, multi-pathway mechanisms provide the molecular basis for the multiple pharmacological activities of Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

The druggability parameters of Nepal irisin-7-glucoside indicate that it has certain potential for drug development. The molecular weight is 476.4340, which is within a reasonable range. A LogP value of 0.4561 indicates strong hydrophilicity, making it suitable for oral administration. A higher TPSA (168.2800) and lower blood-brain barrier permeability suggest that it primarily acts on peripheral tissues, reducing the risk of central nervous system side effects.

In terms of safety, the hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test scored 0.9, indicating low genotoxicity risk and good safety.

Currently, pharmacokinetic research on Nepalese iris xanthin-7-glucoside is relatively limited. Preliminary data indicate that this compound is well absorbed orally, but due to its glycoside structure, it may undergo hydrolysis under gut microbes, affecting bioavailability. In the future, further in vivo pharmacokinetic, metabolic pathway, and toxicological assessments are needed to clarify the safety and effective dosage for clinical use.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside demonstrates broad clinical application prospects due to its remarkable liver-protecting, antidiabetic, and anion channel blocking activities. Its potential therapeutic value in chronic liver disease, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and other diseases is worth further exploration.

Future research directions include:
- Systematic research on pharmacokinetics and toxicology to provide safety and dosage criteria for clinical trials.
- Structural modification and drug design: Chemical modifications optimize drug properties to improve bioavailability and targeting.
- In-depth analysis of multi-target mechanisms, combined with omics techniques to reveal their action networks, promoting the development of precision therapy strategies.
- Preclinical animal models and human clinical trials to verify efficacy and safety, driving clinical translation.
- Combination drug studies to explore synergistic effects with existing drugs to enhance treatment outcomes.

Additionally, considering its low blood-brain barrier permeability, Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside is more suitable for treating peripheral metabolic diseases and reducing the risk of central nervous system side effects.

Conclusion

Nepalese irisin-7-glucoside, an important isoflavoid natural product in kudzu root, possesses multiple pharmacological activities and shows promising application in liver protection and anti-diabetes fields. Its multi-target and multi-mechanism mode of action provides a model for pharmacological research of natural products. Although pharmacokinetics and clinical research are still in their early stages, with the advancement of modern drug development technologies, Nepal irisin-7-glucoside is expected to become a candidate molecule for novel natural drugs, bringing new hope for the treatment of related diseases. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen basic and translational research to promote its transition from the laboratory to clinical applications, maximizing the value of natural products in modern medicine.