Product name: Pseudoginsenoside RC1
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP2185
Cas No.: 102805-32-3
Formula: C₅₀H₈₄O₁₉
Mol Weight: 989.203
Botanical Source: Ginseng Radix Et Rhizoma
Type of Compound: Triterpenoids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Pseudoginsenoside RC1 (CAS No.: 102805-32-3), as an important member of ginsenoside natural products, has attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years. This compound mainly comes from plants of the genus Ginseng, possesses a complex triterpene saponin structure, and exhibits various biological activities, especially in anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Ovarian cancer, as a malignant tumor with a high incidence and poor prognosis in the female reproductive system, urgently needs the development of new, effective, and low-toxicity treatments. Pseudo-ginsenoside RC1 has become a hot compound for studying the therapeutic potential of ovarian cancer due to its regulatory effects on various tumor-related targets.

This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity, and mechanism of action of ginsenoside RC1, focusing on its molecular targets and signaling pathway regulation in ovarian cancer treatment, and exploring its clinical application prospects in combination with druggability parameters, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and research direction for drug development of this natural product.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Pseudoginsenoside RC1 belongs to the ginsenoside class of triterpene saponins, with a molecular weight of 989.2030. The molecular formula is complex, containing a steroid framework modified by multiple sugar groups. Its structural features include the connection of polysaccharide chains and specific conformations of steroid rings, which give it high polarity and biological activity. The LogP value was 2.5943, indicating moderate lipid solubility that favors cell membrane permeability, but low water solubility (0.1271), suggesting limited solubility in vivo and potentially affecting bioavailability.

The topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 304.2100, and a higher TPSA value is usually associated with poor cell membrane penetration, especially the low blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, which aligns with the characteristic that its pharmacological effects are mainly limited to peripheral tissues. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, suggesting that the ginsenoside RC1 carries a low risk of cardiotoxicity and is relatively safe. The Ames mutagenic test result was 0.0, indicating no significant genotoxicity, further supporting the safety of drug development.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Pseuginsenoside RC1 is mainly found in Panax ginseng and its related species, with particularly high levels in the rhizome part. As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, ginseng has a long history and is widely used to boost immunity and combat fatigue. The extraction of pseudoginsenoside RC1 usually uses reflux extraction using a mixed solvent of water alcohol (such as 70% ethanol), combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction technology to improve extraction efficiency.

The extract undergoes multiple separation and purification steps, including liquid-liquid extraction, silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), ultimately obtaining high-purity mimic ginsenoside RC1. In recent years, the application of supercritical fluid extraction and membrane separation technologies has provided new technical support for the industrial production of this compound. Additionally, plant-based quality control relies on analytical methods such as high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) to ensure that the content and purity of the mimic ginsenoside RC1 in the extracts meet medicinal standards.

Pharmacological activity research

Mimic ginsenoside RC1 exhibits multiple pharmacological activities, especially outstanding in the antitumor field. In vitro cell experiments have shown that the ginsenoside RC1 has a significant proliferation-inhibiting effect on various tumor cell lines, especially ovarian cancer cells. Its mechanism of action involves inducing apoptosis, blocking the cell cycle, and inhibiting tumor cell migration and invasion.

In inflammation models, mimic ginsenoside RC1 can regulate the expression of various inflammatory factors, reduce inflammatory responses, and suggest good anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, the ginsenoside RC1 has a regulatory effect on the immune system, enhancing immune function and improving anti-tumor immune surveillance capabilities.

Animal experiments further confirmed the antitumor effects of the ginsenoside RC1. In mouse transplanted tumor models, oral or injectable sympometic ginsenoside RC1 significantly inhibited tumor growth, prolonged animal survival, and no significant toxic side effects were observed. These results lay a solid foundation for its clinical application.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The mechanism of action of ginsenoside RC1 in ovarian cancer treatment mainly involves regulating multiple key molecular targets. Related targets include BCL2, STAT3, ABCB1, NFE2L2, TOP1, TOP2A, ESR1, NOS2, PIK3CA, and MMP9, which play important roles in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, drug resistance, invasion, and metastasis.

• BCL2: As an anti-apoptotic protein, downregulation of BCL2 promotes tumor cell apoptosis. Pseudo-ginsenoside RC1 effectively inhibits BCL2 expression and induces activation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways.
• STAT3: The STAT3 signaling pathway plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and immune evasion. Pseudoginsenoside RC1 inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation, blocks its transcriptional activity, and suppresses tumor growth.
• ABCB1: As a multidrug resistance protein, ABCB1 mediates drug efflux, leading to chemotherapy resistance. Pseudo-ginsenoside RC1 inhibits ABCB1 expression and reverses tumor cell drug resistance.
• NFE2L2: Regulates cellular antioxidant responses. The ginsenoside RC1 reduces oxidative stress damage by modulating NFE2L2 signaling and protects normal cells.
• TOP1 and TOP2A :D NA topoisomerases and participate in DNA replication and transcription. The mimic ginsenoside RC1 inhibits its activity and blocks DNA synthesis in tumor cells.
• ESR1: estrogen receptor, regulates tumor cell proliferation. Mimic ginsenoside RC1 influences the endocrine environment of tumor cells by modulating ESR1 signaling.
• NOS2: Induced nitric oxide synthase, involved in inflammation and tumor microenvironment regulation. Pseudo-ginsenoside RC1 inhibits NOS2 expression and reduces tumor-related inflammation.
• PIK3CA:P key protein in the I3K/Akt signaling pathway, regulating cell survival and metabolism. Pseudo-ginsenoside RC1 inhibits PIK3CA activity and blocks signal transduction.
• MMP9: Matrix metalloproteinase promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. The cylindrical saponin RC1 reduces MMP9 expression and inhibits tumor metastasis.

In summary, the ginsenoside RC1 exerts its pharmacological effects against ovarian cancer through synergistic action through multiple targets and pathways, demonstrating strong therapeutic potential.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

The druggability parameters of the ginsenoside Roxysenoside RC1 indicate that it has certain advantages in drug development. A moderate LogP value (2.5943) favors cell membrane penetration, but higher TPSA (304.2100) and low water solubility (0.1271) suggest that oral absorption may be limited, and bioavailability is needed through pharmaceutical improvements. The blood-brain barrier has low permeability, reducing the risk of central nervous system side effects.

In terms of safety, hERG channel inhibition was negative and Ames tests showed no mutagenicity, indicating that the ginsenoside RC1 carries low risk of cardiotoxicity and genotoxicity, making it suitable for long-term use. Pharmacokinetic studies show that this compound is widely distributed in the body, mainly metabolized by the liver, with bile as the primary excretion pathway.

To overcome the drawbacks of poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability, the development of novel drug delivery systems such as nanocarriers, liposome encapsulation, and solid dispersions has become research hotspots, with the potential to enhance their clinical application value.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

The multi-target mechanism and good safety profile of mimic ginsenoside RC1 in ovarian cancer treatment provide a solid foundation for clinical development. Future research should focus on the following areas:

1. Preclinical efficacy and safety evaluation: Further improve pharmacodynamic and toxicological studies in animal models to clarify dose-effect relationships and potential toxic side effects.
2. Pharmacokinetic optimization: Develop efficient delivery systems to improve oral absorption and targeting, and optimize drug distribution in vivo.
3. Combination therapy strategy: Explore the synergistic effects of ginsenoside RC1 with existing chemotherapy drugs (such as platinum compounds and paclitaxel) to overcome resistance and enhance therapeutic outcomes.
4. Clinical trial design: conduct Phase I safety trials, gradually advance to Phase II and III clinical trials to verify clinical efficacy and safety.
5. Biomarker research: Identification of biomarkers related to the RC1 response of ginsenosides to enable personalized treatment.

In addition, the potential applications of mimic ginsenoside RC1 in other tumor types and chronic inflammatory diseases are also worth further exploration to expand its drug indications.

Conclusion

As a natural triterpene saponin with significant antitumor activity, the ginsenoside RC1 shows great potential as a new drug candidate for ovarian cancer treatment due to its multi-target regulatory mechanism and good safety. Although its water solubility and bioavailability have certain limitations, optimization of modern pharmaceutics methods is expected to overcome these obstacles. In the future, by combining systematic preclinical research and clinical trials, the ginsenoside Anomalysin RC1 is expected to become a major breakthrough in the development of natural product drugs, bringing new hope for treatment for ovarian cancer patients.