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Product name: Physalin F
Synonym name: 5,6-β-Epoxyphysalin B
Catalogue No.: BP4291
Cas No.: 57423-71-9
Formula: C28H30O10
Mol Weight: 526.538
Botanical Source: Physalis alkekengi L.
Type of Compound:
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
137.9600
1.2470
1.2471
.0046
2.9022
3.7017
High
59.2085
7.8812
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
1.2
Yes
No
No
Yes
Physalin F is a class of secretory steroid natural products derived from plants of the genus Physalis (Physalis spp.), attracting attention for its unique chemical structure and significant biological activity. Since its first isolation and identification from physalis plants in the mid-20th century, physalin F has gradually become a hot topic in natural product pharmacology research due to its strong anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In recent years, with advances in molecular biology and pharmacological techniques, the potential mechanisms of physic bitter acid F in regulating immune cell function, inhibiting viral infections, and anti-tumor activity have gradually been revealed, showing broad clinical application prospects.
This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of physic bitter paste F, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism, druggability evaluation, and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Combined with the latest research progress, it explores its potential value in immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory treatments, and looks ahead to future research directions and clinical application prospects.
Physalis Picricin F is a typical secreted steroid compound, with a molecular formula of C_28H_38O_8 and a molecular weight of 526.5380. Its structural features include a typical steroid framework with multiple hydroxyl and ester group modifications, giving it unique chemical activity. The LogP value of physalin bitter acid F is 1.2470, indicating moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration and bioavailability. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 137.9600, reflecting its high molecular polarity, which may affect its interactions with biological macromolecules and its distribution in vivo.
Physalis bitter F has low water solubility (0.0046 mg/mL), suggesting limited solubility in the aqueous phase, but its high blood-brain barrier permeability (BBB) offers potential applications in central nervous system-related diseases. Additionally, physalin F does not inhibit hERG channels, suggesting a lower risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test result was 1.2, indicating low genotoxicity risk and ideal druggability.
Physalis bitter acid F is mainly found in the genus Physalis spp., a plant in the Solanaceae family. Common source plants include physalis alkekengi and lantern plant (Physalis angulata). These plants are widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions of Asia, Europe, and the Americas, and have traditionally been used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, infections, and immune-related diseases.
The extraction of physalin F usually uses organic solvent extraction combined with column chromatography separation technology. Common extraction processes include:
In recent years, the application of new technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction has improved extraction efficiency and purity, providing technical support for the large-scale preparation of physalin bitter extractor F.
Physalin F exhibits a variety of significant pharmacological activities, with particular attention for its anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiviral effects.
Physalin F significantly reduces inflammatory responses by inhibiting the production and release of inflammatory mediators. In vitro studies have shown that Physalis F can inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in macrophages and monocytes, thereby weakening inflammatory signaling. In animal models, physalin F significantly reduced edema and tissue damage at the site of inflammation, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory effects.
Physalin F induces apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), regulating the proliferation and activity of immune cells. In particular, in HTLV-1-infected T lymphocytes, physalis F can inhibit virus-induced spontaneous proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, suggesting its potential application value in virus-related immunopathology. Additionally, the effect of physalin F on the functions of regulatory T cells (Treg) and effector T cells provides a new research direction for their immune regulatory mechanisms.
Physalin F exhibits inhibitory effects on various viral infections, especially HTLV-1. By regulating apoptosis and immune responses in viral infection cells, it reduces viral replication and transmission. Additionally, physalin F induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various tumor cell lines, demonstrating potential antitumor activity.
The pharmacological mechanism of physalis bitter flavor F involves multiple signaling pathways and molecular targets, mainly including:
NF-κB signaling pathway inhibition
Physalis Physalin F can inhibit activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, reduce transcription expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and lower inflammatory responses. NF-κB is a key transcription factor in inflammation and immune regulation, and its inhibition is one of the core mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effect of physalin F.
Induces apoptosis
Physalin F activates mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways, inducing apoptosis of T cells infected by PBMCs and viruses, regulating the number and function of immune cells to prevent immune overactivation and inflammatory damage.
Regulates cytokine networks
Physalis Picrasin F can downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) and chemokines, while also promoting the production of anti-inflammatory factors (such as IL-10) to maintain immune homeostasis.
It affects virus replication and transmission
By inhibiting the activity and proliferation of virus-infected cells, physalin F reduces HTLV-1 viral replication and blocks virus-related immunopathological processes.
Other signaling pathways
Some studies suggest that physalin F may affect signaling pathways such as MAPK and JAK/STAT, participating in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune responses, but the specific mechanism still needs further validation.
The druggability parameters of physalin bitter acid F indicate that it has good potential for drug development. The molecular weight is moderate at 526.5380, with a LogP of 1.2470, meeting the Lipinski rule requirements for lipid solubility of drug molecules. The TPSA value was 137.9600, slightly higher but still within an acceptable range, indicating moderate polarity that favors binding to target proteins.
Physalin Picresin F has low water solubility and may affect oral bioavailability, but its high blood-brain barrier permeability offers possibilities for treating central nervous system diseases. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity and good safety. Ames test results showed that the genotoxicity risk was low and met safety requirements.
In terms of pharmacokinetics, current research is relatively limited. Preliminary in vivo studies showed that physalis formula F was absorbed quickly orally, had a moderate plasma half-life, and could maintain effective concentrations in the body. In the liver, metabolism mainly occurs through oxidation and esterase hydrolysis pathways, with excretion primarily via bile and urine. Systematic pharmacokinetic studies are needed in the future, including in vivo distribution, metabolic enzyme interactions, and long-term safety assessment.
With its significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, Physalis F demonstrates potential clinical value in various immune-related diseases. Especially in autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, and viral infectious diseases (such as HTLV-1-related diseases), physalin bitter compound F may become a candidate molecule for novel therapeutic drugs.
Additionally, the high blood-brain barrier permeability of physalis bitter acid F offers new possibilities for its application in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. In the future, improving its water solubility and bioavailability through structural optimization and drug carrier technology is expected to expand its clinical indications.
However, clinical research on Physalis Picron F is still in its early stages and lacks systematic clinical trial data. In the future, in-depth research on its pharmacodynamics, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics should be strengthened, with multicenter, large-sample clinical trials conducted to verify its safety and efficacy. At the same time, by integrating modern drug design technologies, we are developing physalin F derivatives or combination therapies to enhance their therapeutic potential.
Physalis F, a secreted steroid natural product derived from plants of the genus Physalis, has become an important subject in natural medicine research due to its unique chemical structure and significant anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Its mechanism of action covers multiple inflammatory and immune signaling pathways, demonstrating good druggability and safety profiles, indicating broad clinical application prospects.
Future research should focus on deeply elucidating its molecular mechanisms, optimizing extraction and purification processes, improving bioavailability, conducting systematic pharmacokinetic and toxicological evaluations, and promoting clinical trials. Through multidisciplinary integration, physalis bitter acid F is expected to become a new effective drug for treating inflammation and immune-related diseases, contributing significantly to the development of natural product pharmacology.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
