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Product name: β-Pinene
Synonym name: Nopinen；Nopinene；β-Pinene
Catalogue No.: BP4269
Cas No.: 127-91-3
Formula: C10H16
Mol Weight: 136.238
Botanical Source:
Type of Compound:
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
.0000
4.2853
4.2851
.0046
11.2133
14.0307
High
78.1221
4.3851
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
0.0
No
No
No
No
β-pinene (β-Pinene, CAS No. 127-91-3), as an important monoterpene natural product, is widely found in various plant essential oils, especially those in the pinaceae and labiaceae families. Its unique extra-ring double bond structure endows it with diverse bioactivities, attracting widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology. In recent years, as research into the potential of natural products in respiratory disease prevention and treatment has deepened, β-pinene has become a research hotspot due to its remarkable pharmacological activity and good safety performance. This paper systematically reviews the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of β-pinene, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and looks ahead to its potential for clinical application.
β-pinene is a pinene isomer containing an extracyclic double bond, with the molecular formula C10H16 and a molecular weight of 136.2380. Its structural feature is a monocyclic terpene backbone with an external double bond, giving it high reactivity. The LogP value of β-pinene is 4.2853, indicating strong hydrophobicity, and its topological polar surface area (TPSA) is 0, indicating very low molecular polarity and difficulty forming hydrogen bonds, which matches its extremely low water solubility (0.0046 mg/mL). Its physicochemical properties make β-pinene easy to penetrate biological membranes, especially the blood-brain barrier (BBB), offering high accessibility to the central nervous system. Additionally, β-pinene did not show hERG channel inhibitory activity, and Ames-induced mutagenic test results were negative, indicating high safety.
β-pinene is widely found in the volatile oils of various plants, with the main sources being Pinus species (such as Pinus spp.) and certain Lamiaceae plants (such as Rosmarinus officinalis). Its content varies significantly among different plant species and growth stages. Traditional extraction methods mainly use steam distillation, extracting essential oils from plant leaves, resins, or wood, with β-pinene isolated as one of the main components of the essential oil. In recent years, supercritical CO2 extraction technology has been applied to the extraction of β-pinene. Due to its gentle operation, good selectivity, and environmental friendliness, it can effectively improve yield and purity. Additionally, molecular distillation and chromatography techniques are commonly used for the purification and quantitative analysis of β-pinene.
Research on the pharmacological activity of β-pinene covers multiple aspects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, analgesic, and respiratory protection. Its potential applications in respiratory diseases are particularly prominent.
Anti-inflammatory effects
β-pinenes can significantly inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO), reducing tissue inflammatory responses. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that it had a good inhibitory effect on models of acute and chronic inflammation.
Antioxidant effects
β-pinene has the ability to scavenge free radicals, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the body (such as superoxide dismutase SOD and glutathione peroxidase GSH-Px), thereby reducing oxidative stress damage.
Antibacterial activity
β-pinene exhibits inhibitory effects on various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially against respiratory pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, showing strong antibacterial effects.
Analgesic and neuroprotection
β-pinene exerts analgesic effects by regulating neurotransmitter release and ion channel activity, while also providing some protective effects on nerve cells.
Respiratory tract protection
β-pinene has shown potential therapeutic value for respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by regulating respiratory mucus secretion, alleviating airway inflammation, and relaxing bronchial smooth muscle.
The mechanism of action of β-pinene in respiratory diseases involves multiple molecular targets, mainly including:
TRPV1 (Transient receptor potential vanillic acid receptor 1)
TRPV1 is a non-selective cation channel involved in airway inflammation and pain transmission. β-pinene can alleviate airway inflammation and neuropathic pain by modulating TRPV1 activity.
TRPA1 (Transient receptor potential vanillic acid receptor A1)
TRPA1 plays an important role in airway inflammation and allergic reactions. β-pinene's regulation of TRPA1 helps alleviate airway allergic reactions and inflammation.
CHRM3 (M3-type cholinergic receptor)
CHRM3 mediates bronchial smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion. β-pinene helps relieve airway obstruction by inhibiting CHRM3 activity, promoting bronchodilation, and reducing mucus secretion.
ADRB2 (β2 adrenergic receptor)
ADRB2 is an important target for bronchial smooth muscle relaxation. β-pinene may promote bronchiectasis and improve respiratory function by activating ADRB2.
MUC5AC (Mucin 5AC)
MUC5AC is a major component of respiratory mucus, and excessive secretion can cause airway blockage. β-pinene can regulate MUC5AC expression to prevent excessive mucus accumulation.
In summary, β-pinene regulates airway inflammation, smooth muscle tone, and mucus secretion through multi-target synergistic effects, exerting a comprehensive respiratory protective effect.
Druggability evaluation of β-pinene indicates good drug development potential. Its high LogP value means better lipid solubility, which facilitates cell membrane penetration and tissue distribution, especially the high permeability of the blood-brain barrier, which opens possibilities for its application in central nervous system diseases. Its low water solubility limits its oral bioavailability, but it can be improved through modern pharmaceutical technologies such as nanocarriers and liposomes.
β-pinene did not show hERG channel inhibition, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity, and the Ames test was negative, indicating a low genotoxicity risk. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies show that β-pinene is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed, with metabolism mainly carried out through hepatic enzyme systems for oxidation and hydroxylation, and ultimately excreted through urine and exhalation. Its half-life is moderate, making it suitable for routine administration.
Based on the multi-target action and good safety profile of β-pinene in respiratory diseases, it holds broad prospects for adjunctive treatment of asthma, COPD, bronchitis, and other diseases in the future. In addition, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of β-pinene also provide a theoretical basis for its application in neurological diseases, skin diseases, and infectious diseases.
However, clinical research on β-pinene is still relatively limited, lacking systematic clinical trial data. Future research should focus on pharmacokinetic optimization, dosage form innovation, and safety evaluation, while conducting large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials to verify efficacy and safety. Additionally, the combined use of β-pinene with other natural products or Western medicines is worth further exploration to achieve synergistic effects.
β-pinene, as a uniquely structurally and biologically rich natural monoterpene, demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and respiratory protective effects. Its multi-target regulatory mechanism offers new ideas for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Combined with good safety and druggability, β-pinene has the potential to become a new natural medicine. In the future, through in-depth pharmacological mechanism research and clinical validation, β-pinene is expected to play an important role in the field of natural product pharmacology and clinical treatment.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
