Product name: Taccalonolide C
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP2124
Cas No.: 117803-96-0
Formula: C₃₆H₄₆O₁₄
Mol Weight: 702.75
Botanical Source: Tacca chantrieri Andre.
Type of Compound: Steroids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Taccalonolide C (CAS No.: 117803-96-0) is a class of natural products derived from the genus Tacca spp., a plant in the Araceae family. In recent years, it has attracted widespread attention due to its remarkable antitumor activity. As a new class of microtubule stabilizers, Root Dioketonolide C exhibits unique pharmacological properties in combating various malignant tumors, especially showing potential value in the treatment of refractory tumors such as pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer, as a highly aggressive and poorly prognostic malignant tumor of the digestive system, urgently needs the development of new effective drugs. Root Dioketonolide C regulates tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance mechanisms through multiple targets, providing new approaches for pancreatic cancer treatment.

This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of Root Tuber Ketonolide C, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and to explore its prospects and challenges in clinical application, aiming to provide theoretical basis and reference for drug development and mechanistic research of this natural product.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Root Potato Ketonolide C belongs to the steroid lactone compound, with a molecular formula of C_39H_50O_12 and a molecular weight of 702.75. Its structural core is a typical steroid backbone, containing multiple hydroxyl and lactone rings, giving it high polarity and bioactivity. In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of root potato ketolide C is 1.6863, indicating moderate lipid solubility that facilitates cell membrane penetration. Its polar surface area (TPSA) is 198.4 Ų. A higher TPSA suggests strong solubility in polar environments, but lower water solubility at only 0.0150 mg/mL, indicating limited solubility in the aqueous phase and potentially affecting its bioavailability.

Additionally, Root Potato Ketonolide C has a relatively low blood-brain barrier penetration capacity, suggesting its potential toxicity in the central nervous system is low. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test result was 0.6, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and a solid safety foundation.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Root Tuber ketone lactone C is mainly found in the genus Tacca spp., a plant in the Araceae family, with particularly high levels in the roots and tubers of species such as Tacca chantrieri and Tacca integrifolia. Plants of the genus Root Tuber are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, and have traditionally been used as folk medicine in Southeast Asia, possessing various pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties.

Common methods for extracting root ketolide C include solvent extraction, column chromatography separation, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification. Ethanol or methanol is generally used as extraction solvents, and crude extracts are obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction or reflux extraction. Subsequently, silica gel column chromatography and reversed-phase C18 column chromatography were used for separation and purification, and the compound structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). In recent years, the application of supercritical fluid extraction and membrane separation technologies has improved extraction efficiency and purity, providing technical support for large-scale preparation.

Pharmacological activity research

The antitumor activity of root potatolactone C has been validated in various in vitro and in vivo models. It mainly works by promoting microtubule polymerization, stabilizing microtubule structures, blocking the cell cycle process, and inducing tumor cell apoptosis, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Compared with the traditional microtubule stabilizer paclitaxel, Root Ketone Lactone C exhibits different binding sites and resistance profiles, maintaining strong activity especially in drug-resistant tumor cells.

For pancreatic cancer, root potato ketone lactone C shows significant cytotoxicity, inhibiting the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cell lines, inducing apoptosis, and weakening the tumor's aggressive ability. Animal model studies have shown that Root Potato Ketonolide C can effectively slow the growth of pancreatic tumors, improve survival rates, and have relatively low toxic side effects, demonstrating good therapeutic potential.

In addition, Genicone Lactone C also exhibits multiple effects: regulating the tumor microenvironment, inhibiting tumor drug resistance, and anti-angiogenesis, providing a mechanistic basis for its comprehensive anti-tumor effects.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The antitumor mechanism of Root Dioketonolide C involves multiple signaling pathways and key molecular targets, especially showing multi-target coordinated regulation in pancreatic cancer. The main targets include:

• BCL2: Root potato ketolide C promotes mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathways by downregulating the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2, enhancing tumor cell apoptosis sensitivity.
• TLR4: Regulates innate immune responses. Root trisfeton lactone C may inhibit the TLR4 signaling pathway, weaken tumor-related inflammatory responses, and suppress tumor progression.
• STAT3: As an important transcription factor for tumor cell proliferation and immune escape, root ketolide C can inhibit the phosphorylation and activation of STAT3, blocking the expression of its downstream oncogenes.
• ABCB1: Root potato ketone lactone C can inhibit the function of multidrug resistance protein ABCB1, reverse tumor cell resistance, and improve the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs.
• PRKCA: By modulating protein kinase Cα to influence cell proliferation and apoptosis signaling, root ketonolide C regulates this pathway to inhibit tumor growth.
• TOP1: As a DNA topoisomerase, TOP1 is involved in DNA replication and transcription. The regulation of its activity by Root Diokelactone C may affect DNA metabolism in tumor cells.
• NOS2: The expression of induced nitric oxide synthase is associated with tumor progression. Root potato ketone lactone C regulates NOS2 expression and influences the oxidative stress state of tumor cells.
• GSK3B: glycogen synthase kinase 3β is involved in various signaling pathways. Root Dioketonolide C regulates its activity, affecting the cell cycle and apoptosis.
• MAPK8: As a stress kinase, MAPK8 activates and participates in apoptosis. Root ketone lactone C promotes tumor cell death by regulating this pathway.
• PIK3CA:P a key enzyme in the I3K signaling pathway, Root Dioketonolide C, inhibits PIK3CA activity, blocks PI3K/AKT signaling, and suppresses tumor cell proliferation and survival.

In summary, root potato ketolide C exerts its anti-tumor effects through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effects, especially in regulating tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance mechanisms.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

The druggability evaluation of root potolide C shows that it has certain advantages and challenges. In terms of physicochemical properties, a moderate LogP value facilitates drug cell membrane penetration, but its low water solubility may limit its oral bioavailability, so drug formulation technologies such as nanocarriers and liposomes are needed to improve solubility and stability.

The low blood-brain barrier penetration suggests a low risk of side effects in the central nervous system, which is beneficial for safety. hERG inhibition negativity and low genotoxicity risk provide safety assurance for its clinical development.

Pharmacokinetic research is still in its early stages. In vivo, metabolic pathways mainly involve oxidation and hydroxylation reactions of hepatic enzymes, with moderate half-lives, making it suitable for routine administration. Due to its large molecular weight and high polarity, the distribution of root potolide ketone C is limited, mainly concentrated in tumor tissue and liver, reducing toxicity to non-target tissues.

Future research needs to further optimize its pharmacokinetic profile, improve in vivo stability and targeting, and achieve better therapeutic outcomes.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

As a novel natural antitumor agent, Root Potato Ketonolide C has broad clinical application potential, especially demonstrating unique advantages in the treatment of refractory tumors such as pancreatic cancer. Its multi-target mechanism helps overcome resistance issues with single-target drugs, improving treatment durability and effectiveness.

Currently, preclinical research on Root Potato Ketonolide C has made positive progress, but it has not yet entered the large-scale clinical trial stage. In the future, focus should be placed on drug safety, dose optimization, and combination therapy research to explore their synergistic effects with existing chemotherapy drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors.

In addition, based on their physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic characteristics, developing novel drug delivery systems such as nanodrug carriers and targeted delivery systems will be key to enhancing their clinical application value. By combining modern molecular biology and medicinal chemistry techniques, deeply analyzing its mechanism of action and screening for efficient derivatives, it will help promote the drug development of root potato ketonolide C.

Conclusion

Root Potato Ketonolide C, a natural product with a unique structure and multi-target antitumor activity, demonstrates excellent pharmacological activity and safety, making it especially valuable for pancreatic cancer treatment. Its multi-pathway, multi-target mechanism offers new ideas for overcoming tumor drug resistance. Although challenges such as poor water solubility and the need for pharmacokinetics optimization remain, with the development of extraction and purification technologies and drug delivery systems, root potato ketone lactone C is expected to become an important candidate for antitumor drug development.

Future research should focus on in-depth mechanism analysis, drug optimization, and preclinical safety assessment, promoting early clinical application and benefiting a broad range of cancer patients. In summary, root potato ketonolide C, as a research hotspot in the field of natural product pharmacology, has broad development prospects and application value.