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Product name: Nicotinamide mononucleotide;
Synonym name: Nicotinamide ribotide; Nicotinamide ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate; Nicotinamide ribonucleotide
Catalogue No.: BP4241
Cas No.: 1094-61-7
Formula: C11H15N2O8P
Mol Weight: 334.221
Botanical Source:
Type of Compound:
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
The product could be supplied from grams to kilograms.
Inquire for bulk scale.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide ("NMN", "NAMN", and "β-NMN") is a nucleotide derived from ribose and nicotinamide. Like nicotinamide riboside, NMN is a derivative of niacin, and humans have enzymes that can use NMN to generate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). NMN enters cells via the gut within 10 minutes converting to NAD+ through the Slc12a8 NMN transporter. Because NADH is a cofactor for processes inside mitochondria, for sirtuins, and for PARP, NMN has been studied in animal models as a potential neuroprotective and anti-aging agent. Dietary supplement companies have aggressively marketed NMN products claiming those benefits.[5] Doses of up to 500 mg was shown safe in men in a recent human study at Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo Japan. Multiple long term human studies are underway.
Nicotinamide ribotide (NMN) is an important intermediate metabolite in the nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism pathway. Mammals predominantly use nicotinamide rather than nicotinic acid as a precursor for NAD biosynthesis. Instead of the deamidation to nicotinic acid, nicotinamide is directly converted to NMN by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT, EC 2.4.2.12). The enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT, EC 2.7.7.1), which is a member of the nucleotidyltransferase alpha/beta-phosphodiesterase superfamily, catalyzes the reaction NMN + ATP <=> Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + PPi, representing the final step in the biosynthesis of NAD. NAD is a molecule that plays a fundamental role as a cofactor in cellular redox reactions. Thus NMN is an important metabolite for the maintenance of normal NAD biosynthesis. Circulating NMN levels may play an important role in regulating cell function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
163.4200
-3.9258
-3.9236
110.9163
.3991
.0987
Low
30.3381
4.5702
No
No
No
No
No
No
1.2
No
Yes
No
No
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), as an active metabolic intermediate of vitamin B3 (niacin), has attracted widespread attention in recent years in the fields of natural product pharmacology and aging biology. NMN is a direct precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), involved in key biological processes such as intracellular energy metabolism, DNA repair, gene expression regulation, and redox reactions. With in-depth research into aging mechanisms and the molecular basis of related diseases, NMN has become a hot topic in anti-aging and the treatment of various chronic diseases due to its potential to regulate intracellular NAD⁺ levels, activate longevity proteins (Sirtuins), and suppress inflammatory responses.
This paper reviews the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of NMN, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanisms, druggability evaluation, and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and, combined with the latest advances in preclinical and clinical research, explores its potential for development as a natural product drug and its future application prospects.
The chemical name of NMN is niacinamide-β-D-ribose monophosphate, CAS number 1094-61-7. Its molecular formula is C11H15N2O8P, and its molecular weight is 335.2290. Structurally, NMN consists of nicotinamide and ribose monophosphate linked by β-N-glycosidic bonds, containing a phosphate group that gives it strong polarity and hydrophilicity.
In terms of physicochemical properties, NMN's LogP value was -3.9258, indicating it is highly hydrophilic and has low lipid solubility. The topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 163.42 Ų, reflecting its strong molecular polarity and hydrogen bond formation capability. It has relatively high water solubility, about 110.9 mg/mL, making it suitable for the development of water-soluble formulations. NMN has a relatively low blood-brain barrier penetration ability, suggesting that its direct effect in the central nervous system is limited. Additionally, NMN does not exhibit hERG channel inhibitory activity, indicating a lower risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test value was 1.2, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and a solid safety foundation.
As a natural nucleotide product, NMN is widely present in various organisms, including bacteria, plants, and mammalian cells. Although the NMN content in plants is relatively low, it is found in a variety of foods, such as broccoli, cucumbers, Chinese cabbage, avocados, and tomatoes. Its biosynthetic pathway mainly involves nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzing the synthesis of NMN from nicotinamide and 5-phosphate ribose phosphate.
Traditional extraction methods mostly rely on water extraction and centrifugation from plant tissues, combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or mass spectrometry (MS) technologies for purification and quantification. In recent years, biological fermentation technology and enzyme-catalyzed synthesis have gradually become mainstream methods for industrial-scale NMN preparation, using genetically engineered strains to efficiently express NAMPT and related enzyme strains to achieve high-purity, high-yield NMN production. In addition, chemical synthesis routes have also been developed to meet the demand for pharmaceutical-grade NMN.
The pharmacological activity of NMN mainly revolves around its function as a NAD⁺ precursor. As a key intracellular coenzyme, NAD⁺ participates in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and signal transduction. Its levels gradually decline with age, leading to cellular function decline and the occurrence of age-related diseases. Supplementing with NMN can effectively increase intracellular NAD⁺ levels and restore cell vitality.
Numerous animal studies have shown that NMN supplementation can delay multi-organ functional decline, improve mitochondrial function, and promote metabolic homeostasis. NMN activates longevity proteins such as SIRT1 and SIRT3, regulates gene expression, suppresses inflammatory responses, and slows the aging process. It has shown significant effects in improving cognitive function, skeletal muscle metabolism, and cardiovascular health.
NMN has the potential to inhibit tumor cell growth. Research has found that NMN influences tumor cell metabolism and proliferation by regulating intracellular levels of NAD⁺, ATP, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Its inhibitory effects on SIRT2 and SIRT1 (IC50 of about 2 μM each) may help regulate the tumor cell cycle and apoptosis, thereby suppressing tumor growth and improving survival rates.
NMN hydrochloride exhibits anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity, possibly by enhancing host cell immune responses and regulating viral replication-related enzyme activity. This characteristic offers new ideas for NMN in the treatment of viral hepatitis.
The core mechanism of NMN is to supplement NAD⁺ precursors to restore physiological levels within cells, thereby regulating the activity of various NAD⁺-dependent enzymes.
Sirtuins are a family of NAD⁺-dependent deacetylases involved in regulating cellular metabolism, stress responses, and aging. NMN activates SIRT1 and SIRT3 by increasing NAD⁺ levels, enhancing mitochondrial function and antioxidant capacity, thereby delaying cellular aging. At the same time, NMN directly inhibits SIRT2 (IC50 about 2 μM), suggesting its complex regulatory network for cell cycle and apoptosis.
Poly-ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) plays an important role in DNA damage repair and consumes large amounts of NAD⁺. NMN supplementation maintains intracellular NAD⁺ levels, supports PARP1-mediated DNA repair, reduces genomic instability, and delays the accumulation of age-related gene damage.
CD38 is the main NAD⁺-consuming enzyme involved in cell signaling and immune regulation. NMN regulates CD38 activity, balances NAD⁺ metabolism, and improves immune function and metabolic homeostasis.
Niacinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a rate-limiting enzyme used in NMN biosynthesis. NMN supplementation can provide feedback regulation of NAMPT expression, maintaining the dynamic balance of the NAD⁺ cycle.
As a natural nucleotide compound, NMN has good water solubility and low lipid solubility, making it suitable for oral administration and injection administration. Its molecular weight is moderate, highly polar, and its blood-brain barrier penetration capacity is limited, suggesting it mainly acts on peripheral tissues.
Pharmacokinetic studies show that after oral NMN, it is rapidly absorbed by the intestines, enters the bloodstream, and distributes to the liver, muscles, and other metabolically active tissues. NMN is rapidly converted into NAD⁺ in the body, enhancing cellular energy metabolism. Its half-life is relatively short, requiring multiple doses to maintain stable blood concentrations.
In terms of safety, NMN does not inhibit hERG channels, has low genotoxicity, and long-term administration shows no significant toxic side effects, demonstrating a solid safety foundation.
With the continuous rise in the incidence of aging-related diseases, NMN, as a key molecule regulating NAD⁺ metabolism, shows broad clinical application prospects. Currently, clinical research on NMN in anti-aging, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and viral hepatitis is gradually underway.
Future research needs to further clarify the dose-effect relationship of NMN, its long-term safety, and its interactions with other drugs. At the same time, developing highly efficient and stable NMN formulations and optimizing administration routes will promote their clinical translation. Combining precision medicine concepts and developing individualized NMN treatment plans for different aging subtypes and disease states will be key to realizing its clinical value.
Additionally, the combination of NMN with other NAD⁺ precursors (such as niacinamide nucleoside NR) and Sirtuin activators may produce synergistic effects and expand its therapeutic potential.
As an important natural product, niacinamide mononucleotide has become a research hotspot in the fields of anti-aging and related disease treatments due to its unique biological functions and excellent pharmacological activity. By regulating NAD⁺ metabolism and activating key molecular targets, it improves cellular function and demonstrates significant therapeutic potential. In the future, as basic research and clinical trials deepen, NMN is expected to become a safe and effective natural medicine, offering new strategies and solutions for human health and longevity.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
