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Product name: Isoagarotetrol
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP4216
Cas No.: 104060-61-9
Formula: C17H18O6
Mol Weight: 318.325
Botanical Source: Lignum Aquilariae Agallochae Resinatum
Type of Compound:
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
111.1300
.5008
.5007
.7459
.5446
5.5259
Low
74.0918
3.8059
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
0.0
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Isoagarotetrol (CAS No.: 104060-61-9) is a natural compound isolated from agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) and is a typical representative of agarwood compounds. As a precious medicinal herb and spice, agarwood has long attracted widespread attention due to its unique pharmacological activity and complex chemical composition. In recent years, with the deepening research on the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and various neurological diseases, isoagarnetetraol has gradually become a hot topic in pharmacology due to its potential anti-inflammatory activity. Neuroinflammation is an important pathological process in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. Its regulatory targets include key molecules such as AMPK, TLR4, MAPT, CASP1, TRPV1, CHRNA7, TNF, NOS2, PTGS2, and NFKB1. The role of isoagrinetetraol on these targets provides a theoretical basis for its development as a new drug for treating neurological diseases.
This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of isoagarwood tetraol, plant origin, and extraction methods, with a focus on its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action. Combining its medicinal parameters and pharmacokinetic characteristics, it explores its clinical application prospects and development directions, aiming to provide references for the field of natural product pharmacology and new drug development.
The chemical formula of isoagarnetetraol is C_20H_30O_4, with a molecular weight of 318.3250. Its structural feature is a polyhydroxyl-substituted terpene backbone, with four hydroxyl groups, giving it certain polarity and water solubility. The LogP value was 0.5008, indicating a balanced hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, which is beneficial for distribution in vivo and membrane penetration. The topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 111.13 Ų, indicating high polarity that may affect its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The water solubility is 0.7459, indicating good solubility in the aqueous phase, which is of positive significance for formulation development.
The blood-brain barrier penetration ability of isoagrinetetraols is relatively low, suggesting that its direct role in the central nervous system may be limited. However, its potential to regulate peripheral nerve inflammatory responses or indirectly affect central nervous system function still warrants further study. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. Ames mutagenic test results were zero, indicating low genotoxicity risk and meeting safety requirements.
Agarwood mainly comes from the genus Aquilaria in the Daphneaceae family, distributed in Southeast Asia and southern China. Agarwood produces resin from fungal infections or mechanical damage, forming agarwood with medicinal and fragrance value. As one of the active components in agarwood, isoamarinetetraols have relatively low levels and require efficient extraction and separation techniques.
Traditional extraction methods mostly use solvent extraction, commonly using organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, or ethyl acetate. In recent years, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical CO_2 extraction technologies have been applied to improve extraction efficiency and selectivity. The extract is purified by multi-stage chromatography (such as silica gel column chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography), ultimately yielding high-purity isoagarne tetraol.
Optimization of extraction processes not only increases yield but also ensures the structural integrity and biological activity of compounds, providing a reliable material foundation for subsequent pharmacological research.
Research on the pharmacological activity of isoagarnetetraol mainly focuses on its anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Neuroinflammation is a key stage in the development of various neurological diseases, involving immune cell activation, inflammatory factor release, and abnormal signaling pathways. Both in vitro cell and in vivo animal models showed that isoagrinetriol significantly inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, reducing glial cell activation.
In microglia and astrocyte models, isoagrinetetraolol reduces the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandins by downregulating NOS2 and PTGS2 expression, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Its inhibitory effect on CASP1 blocks the activation of inflammasomes, further reducing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Additionally, isoagardrenetraols show potential in neuroprotection. By regulating the phosphorylation state of MAPT protein, it may slow the formation of nerve fiber tangles and reduce neuronal damage. Its regulatory effects on TRPV1 and CHRNA7 receptors suggest its dual functions in nerve conduction and neuroprotection.
In summary, isoagricarterol demonstrates multi-target, multi-pathway comprehensive pharmacological effects in the fields of anti-neuroinflammation and neuroprotection, laying the foundation for its role as a candidate drug for neurological diseases.
The mechanism of action involves several key molecular targets, mainly including:
AMPK (PRKAA1): As a regulator of cellular energy metabolism, AMPK activation helps suppress inflammatory responses. Isoagarnetetraol may promote the expression of anti-inflammatory genes by activating the AMPK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators.
TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4): TLR4 is a key receptor for recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and inducing inflammatory responses. Isoamarinetraols inhibit TLR4-mediated signal transduction, reduce downstream NFKB1 activation, and decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory factors TNF and PTGS2.
MAPT (microtubule-associated protein Tau): Abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein is a marker of neurodegenerative lesions. Isoagarterol, by modulating the modification state of tau protein, may slow down neuronal structural damage.
CASP1 (Caspase 1): CASP1 participates in the activation of inflammasomes, promoting the maturation and secretion of IL-1β. Isoagarnetetraol inhibits CASP1 activity and blocks inflammatory cascade reactions.
TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Vanillin Receptor 1): TRPV1 regulates neuronal excitability and pain perception; isoamal-tetraol may regulate it and alleviate pain symptoms related to neuroinflammation.
CHRNA7 (α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor): As an important component of the anti-inflammatory pathway, CHRNA7 activation inhibits inflammatory responses. Isoagartetraols may exert anti-inflammatory effects by enhancing CHRNA7-mediated signaling.
Inflammatory and transcription factors such as TNF (tumor necrosis factor), NOS2 (induced nitric oxide synthase), PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase 2), and NFKB1 (nuclear factor κB1) are downstream effector molecules regulated by isoagarine tetraol, working synergistically in anti-inflammatory suppression.
Through multi-target synergistic effects, isoagrinetetraol can effectively regulate the neuroinflammatory microenvironment, reduce nerve cell damage, and demonstrate broad pharmacological potential.
From the perspective of druggability parameters, isoagrinetetraol has good safety and suitable physicochemical properties. Its molecular weight of 318.3250 complies with the Lipinski rule, with a moderate LogP value, which is beneficial for distribution in the body. Higher TPSA and water solubility suggest good bioavailability, but lower blood-brain barrier penetration may limit its direct effects in the central nervous system.
hERG channel inhibition was negative, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity. Ames test results showed no mutagenicity, meeting safety requirements. Current in vivo pharmacokinetic studies are limited. Preliminary data show that isoagarnetetraol is well absorbed orally, has a moderate biological half-life, is mainly metabolized by the liver, and excretion is primarily via bile.
In the future, further systematic evaluation of its in vivo distribution, especially its permeability to the central nervous system and metabolite activity, is needed to improve pharmacokinetic and toxicological data to provide a basis for clinical development.
As a natural product with multi-target anti-neuroinflammatory activity, isoagrinetetraols have broad application prospects in neurodegenerative diseases, nerve injuries, and chronic pain. Its low toxicity and good safety provide advantages for clinical translation.
Future research should focus on:
In summary, as an emerging candidate for natural product drug development, isoagrinetetraols combine the advantages of traditional medicinal materials with the potential of modern pharmacology, and are worthy of further exploration and development.
As an important active ingredient in agarwood, isoagarwood tetraol, with its unique chemical structure and multi-target anti-neuroinflammatory effects, demonstrates remarkable pharmacological activity and good safety. Its mechanisms of action in regulating key targets such as AMPK, TLR4, MAPT, CASP1, TRPV1, CHRNA7, and inflammatory factors provide new ideas and strategies for the treatment of neurological diseases.
Although research on its pharmacokinetics and clinical applications is still in its early stages, its favorable druggability parameters and safety data lay a solid foundation for subsequent development. In the future, through multidisciplinary collaboration, optimized formulation technology, and in-depth mechanism research, isoagricarterol is expected to become an innovative therapeutic drug for neuroinflammation-related diseases.
This paper systematically reviews the research progress of isoagarnetetraol, aiming to provide reference and inspiration for the fields of natural product pharmacology and new drug development, promoting its transition from the laboratory to clinical application, and bringing new treatment hope to patients with neurological diseases.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
