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Product name: Guvacoline hydrochloride
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP4086
Cas No.: 6197-39-3
Formula: C7H12ClNO2
Mol Weight: 177.628
Botanical Source: Methyl 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylate hydrochloride
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Alkaloids
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
HPLC of Guvacoline hydrochloride
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
38.3300
.2833
-.5483
72.1861
1.6332
6.9626
High
13.6504
3.0965
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
0.0
No
No
Yes
Yes
Guvacoline hydrochloride (CAS No.: 6197-39-3) is a pyridine alkaloid naturally occurring in the Areca triandra plant of the Arecaceae family. As a natural compound with significant neuromodulatory activity, desmethyl betel mine hydrochloride has attracted widespread attention in the field of neuropharmacology in recent years. Its unique molecular structure gives it full agonist activity as muscarinic receptors (M receptors) in the atrium and ileum, demonstrating potential for regulating neurotransmitter release, neural excitability, and related nervous system functions. Moreover, its effects on various neurotransmitter receptors and metabolic enzymes—especially targeting dopamine receptors (DRD1-5), serotonin receptors (HTR1A, HTR2A), and monoamine oxidases (MAOA, MAOB)—provide a theoretical foundation for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive impairments, and neurodegenerative diseases.
This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of desmethyl arecaline hydrochloride, plant origin, and extraction methods, focusing on its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action. Combining druggability parameters and pharmacokinetic characteristics, it explores its clinical application prospects, aiming to provide comprehensive academic reference for drug development and neuroregulatory mechanism research of this natural product.
Normetyrine acezine hydrochloride belongs to the pyridine alkaloid class, with a molecular formula of C7H11NO2 and a molecular weight of 141.17. Its structural core is a pyridine ring, which contains hydroxyl and methyl substituents, forming a unique three-dimensional configuration. The hydrochloride form improves its water solubility and stability, facilitating the development of pharmaceutical formulations.
In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of demethyl betel alkaloid hydrochloride was 0.2833, indicating strong hydrophilicity and good water solubility (72.1861 mg/mL), which is beneficial for absorption and distribution in the body. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 38.33 Ų, and a lower TPSA value is usually associated with better cell membrane permeability. Additionally, this compound has a high blood-brain barrier penetration ability, suggesting it can effectively enter the central nervous system and exert neuroregulatory effects.
Toxicological evaluation showed that nomethyl arangine hydrochloride did not inhibit hERG channels, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity; The Ames test result was 0.0, indicating no significant mutagenicity and relatively high safety.
Desmethylacetin hydrochloride is mainly found in Areca triandra, a plant in the Arecaceae family. This plant is widely distributed throughout Southeast Asia and has traditionally been used in folk medicine and cultural practices. Its seeds and fruits are rich in various alkaloids, with desmethyl betel being one of the important active components.
The extraction method typically uses solvent extraction combined with acid-base separation technology. The specific steps include:
Modern extraction techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification are also used to improve yield and purity.
The pharmacological activity of desmethylacetin alkaloid hydrochloride is mainly reflected in its regulatory effect on the nervous system. As a total agonist of muscarinic receptors in the atrium and ileum, it can mimic the action of acetylcholine, activate M1-M5 muscarinic receptors, and regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission.
Normelanine hydrochloride promotes the release of neurotransmitters, especially acetylcholine and dopamine, by activating muscarinic receptors. Its regulatory effects on dopamine receptor subtypes (DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, DRD5) and serotonin receptors (HTR1A, HTR2A) indicate its potential value in regulating emotional, cognitive, and motor functions. Additionally, the effect of nomethyl betel hydrochloride on monoamine oxidases A and B (MAOA, MAOB) may exert antidepressant and anti-anxiety effects by regulating monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism.
As an atrial muscarinic receptor agonist, nomethylacezine hydrochloride demonstrates the ability to regulate heart rate and vascular tone in the cardiovascular system. Experimental studies have shown that it can reduce atrial conduction velocity through the mediation of the M2 receptor, potentially having antiarrhythmic effects.
The properties of ileal muscarinic receptor agonists allow narcotylline hydrochloride to regulate the contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, promote gastrointestinal motility, and improve digestive function. This action provides theoretical support for its application in treating gastrointestinal motility disorders.
The mechanism of action of nomethyl arecaline hydrochloride is mainly based on its stimulating or modulating effects on various neurotransmitter receptors and metabolic enzymes.
Noracelanine hydrochloride acts as a total agonist, capable of binding to and activating atrial and ileal muscarinic receptors (M receptors). These receptors belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. Once activated, they mediate the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway via the Gq/11 protein, promoting intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations and regulating neuronal excitability and muscle contraction.
Normelanine chloride regulates dopamine D1-D5 receptors and may influence dopamine signaling by directly or indirectly modulating dopamine metabolism. D1 and D5 receptors mainly activate Gs proteins, promote cAMP production, and regulate neuronal activity; D2, D3, and D4 receptors inhibit cAMP production through Gi/o proteins, regulating neurotransmitter release and neural circuit function.
The compound's effects on 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors suggest its possible involvement in mood regulation and cognitive function regulation. The 5-HT1A receptor is a Gi/O-coupled receptor that mediates inhibitory signaling; The 5-HT2A receptor is a Gq-coupled receptor involved in excitatory signaling.
The regulatory effect of nophenyl acecord hydrochloride on MAOA and MAOB may enhance neurotransmitter functions by inhibiting monoamine oxidase activity, prolonging the half-lives of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. This mechanism provides a molecular basis for its potential antidepressant and neuroprotective effects.
Noracelanine hydrochloride exhibits relatively excellent drug properties. Its molecular weight of 141.17 meets the Lipinski rule, and a LogP value of 0.2833 shows good water solubility and moderate lipid solubility, which are beneficial for oral absorption and internal distribution. TPSA is 38.33 Ų, and its low polarity surface area helps penetrate cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier.
It has high blood-brain barrier penetration capability, supporting its potential as a central nervous system drug. hERG channel inhibition was negative, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test showed no mutagenicity and good safety.
Pharmacokinetic studies show that nomethyl betel mine hydrochloride has high bioavailability after oral administration, has a moderate plasma half-life, and can maintain effective blood drug concentrations. Its metabolism mainly passes through hepatic enzyme systems, with no significant risk of drug interactions. Excretion is mainly via the kidneys, with some being excreted via bile.
Based on its multi-target neuromodulatory effect, nomethylacezine hydrochloride has broad application prospects in the field of neuropsychiatric diseases. Specifically, it includes:
Future research should focus on preclinical safety evaluation, formulation optimization, and clinical trial design of nomelanine hydrochloride, especially by integrating it with modern drug delivery systems to enhance its targeting and bioavailability. Furthermore, in-depth analysis of its multi-target synergistic mechanisms will help develop novel combination therapy strategies.
Noracecord hydrochloride, a natural pyridine alkaloid derived from Areca triandra, demonstrates significant pharmacological potential due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target neuromodulatory activity. Its excellent druggability parameters and safety evaluation lay the foundation for its use as a candidate drug for treating neurological diseases. In the future, through systematic pharmacological mechanism research and clinical translation, desmethyl betel hydrochloride is expected to become a major breakthrough in the field of natural product pharmacology, providing new ideas and drug options for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
