Product name: Xyloglucan heptasaccharide
Synonym name: Heptasaccharide Glc4Xyl3
Catalogue No.: BP4074
Cas No.: 121591-98-8
Formula: C₃₉H₆₆O₃₃
Mol Weight: 1062.92
Botanical Source:
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Oligoses

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Xyloglucan heptasaccharide, as an oligosaccharide derived from a natural polysaccharide, has attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years. Its unique structural features and diverse biological activities give it great potential in prebiotic research, gut health regulation, and immune regulation. Xyginsignus mainly regulates the intestinal microecological environment, promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, and thereby influences host immune responses and intestinal barrier function, making it one of the key candidates for intestinal disease prevention and treatment and functional food development.

This paper reviews the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of xynose, its plant origins and extraction methods, systematically summarizes its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, focuses on its interactions with key molecular targets, evaluates its druggability parameters and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and finally looks forward to its potential and future development directions in clinical applications, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for related research.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Xylolucan is an oligosaccharide composed of seven sugar units and is a typical representative of xyloglucan structures. Its molecular formula is C42H70O35, with a molecular weight of 1062.9240 Da, and it has high polarity and water solubility. The structural core of xylose is the β-1,4-glucose skeleton, with xylose residues attached to the side chains, forming a branching structure. This branching structure gives it strong hydration capacity and potential to bind with biomacromolecules.

In terms of physicochemical properties, xylose's LogP value was -4.2866, indicating its strong hydrophilicity and difficulty crossing fat-soluble membranes, consistent with its characteristics as a locally acting molecule in the intestine. Its topological pole surface area (TPSA) reaches as high as 532.43 Ų, further indicating its high polarity and difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which corresponds to its low cerebral permeability. Water solubility reaches up to 93.79%, which helps dissolve and exert biological functions in the intestinal environment. The hERG channel inhibition test results were negative, and the Ames-induced mutagenic test result was 0.0, indicating high safety and low risk of toxic side effects.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Xylodon mainly exists in the cell walls of various plants, especially those rich in xyloglucan, such as legumes, woody plants, and certain grasses. As one of the main polysaccharide components of plant cell walls, it is involved in structural stability of cell walls and intercellular interactions.

Xylodon is usually extracted using water extraction combined with enzymatic hydrolysis. First, plant cell wall polysaccharides are extracted with hot water or buffer solution, then specific xyloglucanase is used for enzymatic hydrolysis to obtain xylin oligosaccharide fragments with specific structures. During the extraction process, temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time must be controlled to ensure the structural integrity and purity of the product. Purification steps commonly use membrane filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technologies to ensure high-purity xylodon.

In recent years, emerging technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have also been applied to xylose extraction, improving extraction efficiency and yield, and reducing energy consumption and time costs. In addition, biological fermentation degrades plant polysaccharides through microbial fermentation, providing a feasible path for the industrial production of xenoseven.

Pharmacological activity research

The pharmacological activity of xynose mainly focuses on its prebiotic function and intestinal health regulation. Numerous in vitro and animal experiments have shown that xynose can selectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium, regulate gut microbiota structure, and improve intestinal microecological imbalance. This prebiotic effect has shown significant effects in preventing and alleviating diseases such as intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Additionally, xygnose enhances intestinal barrier function, reduces intestinal permeability, lowers the risk of endotoxins entering the bloodstream, and helps protect the intestinal mucosa. It can also regulate the immune system, promote the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-22, suppress inflammatory responses, and alleviate damage to the intestinal mucosa.

In metabolic diseases, xylodon regulates the activity of short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) receptors GPR41 and GPR43, affecting energy and lipid metabolism, and demonstrates potential anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects. It has good safety and no significant toxic side effects, providing a foundation for its use as a functional food and pharmaceutical excipient.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The biological mechanism of xynose involves multiple molecular targets, mainly regulating intestinal immunity and barrier function.

1. TLR4 and TLR2 (Toll-like receptors 4 and 2)
   Xylose can regulate the TLR4 and TLR2 signaling pathways, modulating innate immune responses. By moderately activating these receptors, immune tolerance and anti-inflammatory responses are promoted, preventing intestinal damage caused by excessive inflammation.

2. MUC2 (mucin 2)
   MUC2 is the main component of the intestinal mucus layer. Xenose promotes the expression and secretion of MUC2, strengthens the mucus barrier, and prevents pathogenic microorganism invasion.

3. IL-22 (Interleukin-22)
   IL-22 plays a key role in maintaining the integrity and repair of intestinal epithelial cells. Xynose promotes intestinal mucosal repair and antibacterial defense by regulating IL-22 expression.

4. OCLN (Tight junction protein Occludin), ZO1 (Tight junction protein Zonula Occludens-1), CLDN1 (Tight junction protein Claudin-1)
   These proteins are crucial components for the tight connections between intestinal epithelial cells. By upregulating their expression, xynose enhances the integrity of the intestinal barrier, reduces intestinal permeability, and prevents the penetration of harmful substances.

5. GPR41 and GPR43 (short-chain fatty acid receptors)
   Xynosin promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids by intestinal probiotics, activates GPR41 and GPR43 receptors, regulates energy metabolism and inflammatory responses, and exerts metabolic regulation effects.

6. BIFIDO (Bifidobacterium)
   As a prebiotic, xynose selectively promotes the growth of bifidobacteria, improves gut microbiota balance, and enhances host immune function.

In summary, xyginsigse regulates intestinal microecology, immune responses, and barrier function through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effects, demonstrating its complex and effective bioactive mechanism.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

Drug-making evaluation of xylodon shows good safety and physicochemical characteristics suitable for local intestinal action. Its large molecular weight, strong polarity, and low LogP value indicate that it is difficult for the intestine to absorb into systemic circulation and mainly functions within the intestinal lumen. This characteristic allows it to precisely regulate the intestinal environment while reducing systemic side effects.

The blood-brain barrier has low permeability, reducing the risk of central nervous system toxicity. Negative hERG channel suppression suggests a lower risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test result was 0.0, indicating no risk of mutagenic behavior and relatively high safety.

Pharmacokinetics, xynose is mainly degraded by microbial fermentation in the intestines, producing short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites that exert downstream physiological functions. Its absorption rate is extremely low, system exposure is limited, and metabolic pathways mainly rely on gut microbial enzyme systems. Excretion is mainly through feces, which places less burden on the liver and kidneys.

Therefore, xynose is suitable for development as a gut prebiotic formulation, such as oral solid preparations, liquid beverages, or enteric-coated capsules, to exert local regulatory effects.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

As a natural prebiotic, xynose has broad clinical application prospects. Its potential in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases is particularly prominent, including:

• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): By regulating the gut microbiota and immune response, it reduces intestinal inflammation and promotes mucosal repair.
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): improves intestinal dysfunction and relieves symptoms such as abdominal pain and diarrhea.
• Anti-infective adjuvant therapy: Strengthens the intestinal barrier, reducing the risk of pathogen colonization and infection.
• Metabolic syndrome: improves lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity by regulating SCFAs receptors.
• Functional foods and nutritional supplements: As prebiotic ingredients, they promote gut health and boost immune function.

In the future, combining modern biotechnology with nano-delivery systems, targeted delivery and bioavailability of lignosin are expected to be further enhanced. Furthermore, in-depth analysis of its molecular mechanisms and interactions with the gut microbiome will promote its precision medicine applications.

Conducting clinical trials is a key step in verifying their safety and effectiveness. Currently, there are few clinical studies related to this, and there is an urgent need to systematically design randomized controlled trials to clarify dosage, route of administration, and indications.

Conclusion

In summary, xyginsignus, as a naturally structurally unique and functionally diverse natural oligosaccharide, demonstrates remarkable prebiotic activity and intestinal protective effects. By regulating gut microbiota, immune factors, and barrier proteins, it exerts multi-target synergistic regulatory effects, offering good safety and drug potential. In the future, with advances in extraction and purification technology and deeper mechanistic research, xygnosin is expected to become an important molecule in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases and the development of functional foods, providing new natural drug resources and therapeutic strategies for human health.