Product name: Dehydroandrographolide succinate
Synonym name: 14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide bis(hemisuccinate)
Catalogue No.: BP4068
Cas No.: 786593-06-4
Formula: C₂₈H₃₆O₁₀
Mol Weight: 532.586
Botanical Source: Andrographis Herba
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Diterpenoids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

HPLC of Dehydroandrographolide succinate

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Dehydroandrographolide succinate (CAS No.: 786593-06-4) is a natural product derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Andrographis paniculata. As a medicinal plant widely used in traditional Asian medicine, Andrographis paniculata is notable for its main active ingredient, dehydrated Andrographis olide, and its derivatives due to their significant anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects. Dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemister, as a succinate esterified derivative of dehydrated Andrographolide, demonstrates unique advantages in pharmacological activity and druggability due to its good water solubility and bioavailability, making it a hot topic in recent pharmacological research of natural products.

This review aims to systematically summarize the chemical structure and physicochemical properties, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity, and molecular mechanisms of Andrographolide succinate succinate of Andrographis anhydrogenol. It focuses on evaluating the molecular targets and signaling pathway regulation of its anti-inflammatory effects, and, combined with druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic data, explores its clinical application prospects and future directions, providing theoretical support and research references for subsequent drug development and clinical translation.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

The molecular formula of dehydrated Andrographolide succinate succinate is C28H36O10, with a molecular weight of 532.5860. Its chemical structure is based on the core skeleton of dehydrated Andrographolide, and through esterification of succinate groups, its water solubility and biocompatibility are improved. The compound has a LogP value of 2.7913, indicating moderate lipid solubility, which facilitates cell membrane penetration and distribution in vivo. TPSA (Topological Polar Surface Area) is 153.5 Ų, indicating strong polarity that facilitates binding to polar targets.

Water solubility is 0.0762 mg/mL, significantly improved over the original compound, facilitating formulation development and oral absorption. The low permeability of the blood-brain barrier suggests a low risk of side effects in the central nervous system. A negative hERG channel inhibition test indicates a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test result was 0.0, indicating no significant genotoxicity and relatively high safety.

Structurally, dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester retains the diterpene lactone core of Andrographolide. The introduction of the succinate semiester group not only improves physicochemical properties but may also influence its binding affinity with targets through spatial conformational changes, thereby regulating its biological activity.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

The parent compound of dehydrated Andrographis succinate hemiester is mainly found in Andrographis paniculata. Andrographis paniculata belongs to the Scrophlevaceae family, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia, especially southern China, India, and Southeast Asian countries. This plant is widely used in traditional medicine for treating colds, fever, inflammation, and other illnesses due to its bitter taste and heat-clearing and detoxifying effects.

The extraction of Andrographolide compounds is usually done using organic solvent extraction combined with chromatography separation technology. Common extraction solvents include ethanol, methanol, and their aqueous solutions. The typical extraction process is: after crushing the dried Andrographis leaves, reflux extraction is performed with 70% ethanol, concentration is separated by silica gel column chromatography, and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain dehydrated Andrographolide. Subsequently, through esterification, dehydrated Andrographolide reacts with succinic anhydride to produce dehydrated Andrographis lactone succinate hemiester. This reaction condition requires strict control of temperature, reaction time, and catalyst dosage to ensure product purity and yield.

In recent years, new technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have also been applied to the extraction of Andrographolide compounds, improving extraction efficiency and purity. Additionally, the development of a bioenzyme-catalyzed esterification method provides new ideas for the green synthesis of dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester.

Pharmacological activity research

Pharmacological activity studies of dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester mainly focus on its anti-inflammatory effects. A large number of in vitro cell models and in vivo animal experiments have shown that this compound can significantly inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators and activate inflammatory signaling pathways, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory effects.

Anti-inflammatory effects

In immune cell models such as macrophages and monocytes, dehydrated Andrographolide succinate succinate can inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, reducing inflammatory responses. Its mechanism of action involves regulation of multiple inflammation-related signaling pathways, including key transcription factors such as NF-κB and STAT3. In animal inflammation models (such as mouse foot swelling models and pneumonia models), administration of this compound significantly reduced inflammatory markers and alleviated pathological tissue damage.

Other pharmacological effects

In addition to anti-inflammatory, dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester also exhibits certain immunomodulatory, analgesic, and antioxidant activities. It exerts analgesic effects by modulating TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels; By regulating NOS2 expression, it affects nitric oxide synthesis and participates in regulating oxidative stress reactions. Additionally, this compound regulates the apoptosis-related protein CASP1, suggesting its potential role in cell survival and the regulation of inflammatory cell death.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The anti-inflammatory effect of dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester is mainly achieved through coordinated regulation of multiple targets and pathways. Key targets include:

• IL-6 (interleukin-6): As a pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6 plays a central role in various inflammatory diseases. This compound can inhibit the expression and secretion of IL-6, reducing inflammatory responses.
• STAT3 (Signal Transduction and Transcription Activator 3): STAT3 is a key downstream transcription factor in the IL-6 signaling pathway. Dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester blocks inflammatory signaling by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation.
• CASP1 (caspase 1): CASP1 is involved in the activation of inflammasomes and the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This compound regulates CASP1 activity and influences the inflammatory cascade.
• TRPV1 and TRPA1 (transient receptor potential channels): These two ion channels are involved in pain and inflammation signaling. Dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester exerts analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating its activity.
• PTGS1 and PTGS2 (prostaglandin peroxide synthases 1 and 2, i.e., COX-1 and COX-2): These two enzymes catalyze prostaglandin synthesis and are key enzymes in the inflammatory response. This compound inhibits PTGS2 particularly significantly, reducing the generation of inflammatory mediators.
• TNF (tumor necrosis factor): TNF-α is a classic pro-inflammatory factor. Dehydrated Andrographolide succinate can reduce its expression and alleviate inflammatory damage.
• NOS2 (Induced Nitric Oxide Synthase): Overexpression of NOS2 leads to large amounts of NO production, promoting inflammation and tissue damage. This compound inhibits NOS2 expression and alleviates oxidative stress.
• NFKB1 (nuclear factor κB subunit): NF-κB is a core transcription factor for inflammatory signals, regulating the expression of various inflammatory genes. Dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester blocks the cascade of inflammatory signals by inhibiting NF-κB activation.

In summary, dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects through multi-target synergistic action regulating the generation of inflammatory mediators and activating signaling pathways.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

Dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester exhibits relatively ideal druggability properties. Its molecular weight is 532.5860, slightly higher than the 500 Da recommended by the Lipinski rule, but combined with its moderate LogP value (2.7913) and high polar surface area (TPSA 153.5), it overall meets reasonable drug affinity and in vivo distribution requirements.

Water solubility is significantly higher than the original compound (0.0762 mg/mL), facilitating the development of oral formulations and absorption in the body. Low blood-brain barrier permeability, reducing potential toxic risks in the central nervous system. hERG channel inhibition was negative, and Ames tests showed no mutagenicity, indicating high safety.

Pharmacokinetic studies show that dehydrated Andrographolide succinate succinate has good stability and a long half-life in vivo, maintaining effective blood drug concentrations. Its main metabolic pathway includes hepatic esterase-mediated hydrolysis, releasing active anhydrographolide that is then metabolized and excreted by hepatic phase II. Oral bioavailability is moderate, with little impact from the first-pass effect.

Additionally, this compound interacts weakly with common drug-metabolizing enzymes (such as the CYP450 family), reducing the risk of drug interactions. Overall, dehydrated Andrographolide succinate hemiester has good pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety, and has strong drug potential.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

Due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory activity and good druggability, dehydrated Andrographis succinate succinate shows broad clinical application prospects in the treatment of various inflammation-related diseases. Inflammation is the pathological basis for various chronic diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and metabolic syndrome), and developing safe and effective anti-inflammatory drugs is of great clinical significance.

Currently, the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of dehydrated Andrographolide succinate succinate have been validated in multiple animal models. Further systematic preclinical toxicological evaluations and pharmacodynamic studies are needed in the future to clarify its safe dosage range and mechanism of action. Due to its low blood-brain barrier permeability and no risk of cardiotoxicity, it is expected to become an ideal therapeutic agent for peripheral inflammation.

In addition, combining modern drug formulation technologies, such as nanocarriers and sustained-release formulations, is expected to further enhance bioavailability and targeting, expanding clinical indications. Future research should also focus on its potential for combined application with existing anti-inflammatory drugs, exploring synergistic mechanisms to reduce drug tolerance and side effects.

With the development of natural product pharmacology and molecular pharmacology technologies, structural optimization and derivative design of dehydrated Andrographolide succinate succinate will provide more possibilities for its clinical translation. The mechanistic advantages of multi-target regulation give it unique advantages in the treatment of complex inflammatory diseases and warrant further development.

Conclusion

Dehydrated Andrographolide succinate half-ester, as an important derivative of natural Andrographolide products, demonstrates broad drug development potential due to its excellent anti-inflammatory activity, multi-target mechanism, and good druggability. Through systematic pharmacological research and druggability evaluation, a solid foundation has been laid for its clinical application. In the future, combining modern drug development technology and precision medicine concepts, dehydrated Andrographolide succinate succinate is expected to become a new safe and effective drug for treating inflammatory diseases, injecting new vitality into the field of natural product pharmacology.