Product name: Xylotriose
Synonym name: Xylotriose (6CI,7CI,8CI); O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-(1-4)-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-4)-D-xylose
Catalogue No.: BP4059
Cas No.: 47592-59-6
Formula: C₁₅H₂₆O₁₃
Mol Weight: 414.36
Botanical Source:
Physical Description: White powder
Type of Compound: Oligose

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

HNMR of Xylotriose

HPLC of Xylotriose

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

As people pay increasing attention to gut health and microecological balance, prebiotics, as important factors in regulating gut microbiota, have been widely studied and applied. Xylotriose, as a natural xylo-oligosaccharide, has become a hot topic in prebiotic research due to its significant bifidobacteria-promoting effects. Xylosan not only selectively promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria but also exerts multiple health benefits by regulating intestinal immunity and barrier function. This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of xyloride, plant origin, and extraction methods, delve into its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, evaluate its druggability and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and finally look forward to its potential and future development direction in clinical applications.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Xylotriose is a type of oligosaccharide formed by three xylose units connected by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. It has a molecular formula of C15H26O13 and a molecular weight of 414.36. Its structural characteristics determine its high hydrophilicity and good water solubility (approximately 173.95 mg/mL), giving xynotriose good dispersibility and bioavailability in aqueous environments. The LogP value of xylose was -2.7364, indicating strong hydrophilicity, difficulty crossing lipid membranes, and low blood-brain barrier permeability, which matches its characteristics as a locally acting molecule in the intestine.

Xylane has a polar surface area (TPSA) of 215.83 Ų, reflecting the large number of hydroxyl groups in its molecules. These hydroxyl groups not only give it excellent water solubility but may also participate in specific binding to intestinal receptors and microbial surface proteins. It does not have hERG channel inhibitory activity, and the Ames test result is zero, indicating good safety and low mutagenic risk.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Xylose mainly exists in lignin and hemicellulose components of plant cell walls, especially abundant in the xylem of woody plants and cellulose in herbaceous plants. Common sources of xylo-trisaccharide include corn cobs, straw, bagasse, and other agricultural wastes, which provide a rich raw material base for the industrial production of xylo-trisaccharide.

Traditional methods for extracting xylose include acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. The acid hydrolysis method uses dilute acids to partially hydrolyze plant cellulose, releasing xylo-oligosaccharides, but this method tends to produce by-products and has poor selectivity. Enzymatic hydrolysis uses xylanase to specifically cut xylan chains, obtaining high-purity xylotrisaccharides under mild conditions and uniform products. In recent years, advances in ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis and microwave-assisted extraction technologies have improved extraction efficiency and product purity, while reducing production costs.

Pharmacological activity research

As a prebiotic, xylose mainly exerts its pharmacological effects by regulating the intestinal microecological environment. Numerous in vitro and animal experiments have shown that xylotriose can selectively promote the proliferation of Bifidobacterium spp., improve the structure of the gut microbiota, enhance the colonization ability of beneficial bacteria, and inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria.

In addition, xylose has shown significant effects in regulating intestinal immune function. By activating gut-related immune cells, it promotes the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-22, enhancing the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Animal model studies show that xylose can alleviate symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), lower intestinal inflammation levels, and promote repair of damaged intestinal mucosa.

Xylose has also been shown to enhance the expression of intestinal tight-connecter proteins (such as OCLN, ZO1, CLDN1), improve intestinal barrier function, prevent increased intestinal permeability, and reduce the risk of endotoxins entering the bloodstream, thereby exerting systemic anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The prebiotic effect of xylose mainly depends on its interactions with gut microbes and host cells. First, xylotriose serves as a specific substrate for probiotics such as bifidobacteria, promoting their growth and metabolic activity, creating a microecological environment conducive to intestinal health.

At the molecular level, xylotriose works by regulating various receptors and signaling pathways. Research shows that xylose can activate the pattern recognition receptors TLR2 and TLR4 on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, induce moderate immune responses, promote the production of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-22, enhance the secretion of the mucoprotein MUC2, and strengthen the intestinal mucus barrier.

Additionally, xylose regulates intestinal metabolism and immune responses by activating short-chain fatty acid receptors GPR41 and GPR43, promoting the stability of the intestinal environment. The expression of tight junction proteins OCLN, ZO1, and CLDN1 is regulated by xyloride, maintaining the structural integrity of the intestinal barrier and preventing the penetration of harmful substances.

Bifidobacteria, as the main target of xylane (BIFIDO), produce various beneficial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) during their metabolism, further promoting gut health and systemic immune homeostasis.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

Druggability evaluation of xylose shows good safety and drug compatibility. It has a moderate molecular weight, high polarity, and good water solubility, making it suitable for oral administration. Due to its low lipid solubility and large polar surface area, xylose struggles to cross the blood-brain barrier, reducing potential central nervous system side effects.

The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of xylose cardiotoxicity. The Ames test result was 0, indicating no significant mutagenicity and meeting long-term safety requirements.

Pharmacokinetics, xylose is mainly fermented and utilized by microorganisms in the intestines after oral administration, with very little systemic absorption and mainly exerting local effects. Its metabolic byproducts in the intestines, such as short-chain fatty acids, play important physiological regulatory functions. Because it is not easily broken down by human digestive enzymes, xylose can effectively reach the colon and exert its prebiotic effects.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

As the application of prebiotics in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases continues to expand, xynosaccharides, as a natural, effective, and safe xylo-oligosaccharide, show broad clinical application prospects. It is not only suitable as an adjunct treatment for intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, but also acts as a regulator for gut microbiota imbalance, promoting gut health.

Additionally, xylose may play a potential role in adjunctive interventions for metabolic syndrome, immune-related diseases, and even certain neurological disorders by regulating intestinal immunity and barrier function. In the future, combining modern biotechnology with precision medicine, structural modification and functional optimization of xylose will further enhance its clinical efficacy and application range.

In terms of product development, xylose can be used in combination with probiotic preparations to form a synergistic prebiotic-probiotic combination, enhancing the regulation of intestinal microecology. Its development as a functional food and nutritional supplement also has strong market potential.

Conclusion

As a natural xylo-oligosaccharide, xylans have become an important research focus in the field of gut health regulation due to their excellent prebiotic activity and good safety. By promoting bifidobacteria growth, regulating intestinal immune responses, and barrier function, it demonstrates a multi-layered pharmacological mechanism. Although clinical research on xylose is still in its early stages, its unique biological properties and broad application potential provide a solid foundation for future drug development and functional food design. With deeper research, xylose is expected to become an important natural product for promoting intestinal microecological balance and preventing related diseases, contributing new solutions to human health.