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Product name: Xylobiose
Synonym name: Xylobiose (6CI,7CI,8CI); 4-O-β-D-Xylopyranosyl-D-xylose; 1,4-β-Xylobiose;D-Xylose, 4-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-
Catalogue No.: BP4058
Cas No.: 6860-47-5
Formula: C10H18O9
Mol Weight: 282.245
Botanical Source:
Physical Description: White powder
Type of Compound: Oligose
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
HPLC of Xylobiose
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
156.9100
-2.4793
-2.4782
221.4310
.3764
.4322
Low
11.3045
4.6081
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
0.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Xylobiose (CAS number: 6860-47-5), as a naturally occurring oligosaccharide, has attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years. Its unique bioactivity, especially its potential role in regulating gut barrier function, glycolipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses, makes it a hot topic in research on type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Xylobiose not only exhibits significant Claudin 2 (CLDN2) inhibitory activity, but also induces the expression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), thereby exerting a protective effect on cells. Additionally, xylose inhibits hepatic lipid synthesis by regulating the miR-122a/miR-33a axis, improves insulin resistance, and demonstrates multi-target, multi-mechanism pharmacological properties. This paper systematically reviews the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of xylose, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and clinical application prospects, aiming to provide scientific evidence for its subsequent drug development and clinical translation.
Xylose is a disaccharide formed by connecting two β-D-xylose molecules through a 1,4-β glycosidic bond, chemically named 1,4-β-D-xylose. Its molecular formula is C10H18O9, and its molecular weight is 282.2450. The structural characteristics of xylose determine its high hydrophilicity, resulting in a low LogP value (-2.4793), indicating strong hydrophilicity and poor lipid solubility. Its topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 156.91 Ų, reflecting the abundance of polar groups on its molecular surface, which facilitates interactions with biological macromolecules such as proteins. Excellent water solubility (221.4310 mg/mL), giving it good solubility and bioavailability when administered orally. Xylolose has lower blood-brain barrier permeability, reducing the risk of potential toxicity in the central nervous system. In vitro safety evaluations showed that xylose does not have hERG channel inhibitory activity, and Ames mutagenic test results were negative, indicating high safety and suitability for further drug development.
Xylo-digose is widely present in various plant lignocellulose and hemicellulose, especially in lignin degradation products and xylan components of plant cell walls. Its natural sources mainly include lignocellulose components from hardwood and softwood plants, as well as the cell walls of certain grasses. Traditionally, the acquisition of xylose relies on enzymatic or acid hydrolysis of plant cellulose. Specific methods include:
Enzymatic hydrolysis: Xylanase is used to selectively hydrolyze plant xylans, producing oligosaccharides containing xylose. This method is mild, produces high product purity, and retains the biological activity of xylose.
Acid hydrolysis: Plant cellulose is hydrolyzed using diluted acids (such as dilute hydrochloric acid) to produce xylo-digose and other oligosaccharides. This method is easy to operate, but the product contains many impurities and requires further purification.
Purification technology: Common purification methods include ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain high-purity xyloride products.
In recent years, with the development of biotechnology, genetic engineering microbial fermentation has also been used to produce xylose, offering advantages such as high yield and environmental friendliness.
The pharmacological activity of xylose mainly lies in its regulation of intestinal barrier function, improvement of glycolipid metabolism, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
The integrity of the intestinal barrier is crucial for maintaining bodily homeostasis. Research shows that xylose can reduce the permeability of intestinal epithelial cell spaces by inhibiting the expression of Claudin 2 (CLDN2), thereby lowering inflammation and metabolic disorders caused by leaky gut. Additionally, xyloride induces the expression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), enhancing cellular resistance to oxidative stress and inflammation, further protecting the intestinal barrier.
Xylobe-diose regulates the miR-122a and miR-33a axis, inhibiting the expression of hepatic lipid synthesis-related genes, significantly reducing liver fat accumulation. This mechanism effectively improves insulin resistance, lowers blood sugar and lipid levels, and demonstrates potential therapeutic value for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Xylobiose can regulate immune responses in the intestines, reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α, and lessen systemic inflammatory responses. At the same time, the HSP27 expression induced by it enhances cellular antioxidant capacity and reduces oxidative stress damage.
As a type of oligosaccharide, xylobiose has prebiotic properties, promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria (such as Bifidobacterium) and regulating the intestinal microecological balance. Its targets include TLR4, TLR2, MUC2, IL22, OCLN, ZO1, GPR41, GPR43, and CLDN1, and are involved in the regulation of intestinal immunity and barrier function.
The multi-target mechanism of xenoside mainly involves the following aspects:
CLDN2 is a member of the tight-connecter family and is involved in regulating the permeability of intestinal epithelial cell spaces. Xylolose reduces intestinal permeability by inhibiting CLDN2 expression, preventing endotoxins and inflammatory factors from entering the bloodstream, and alleviating systemic inflammation.
HSP27, as a molecular chaperone protein, participates in cellular stress responses. Xylobiose induces HSP27 expression, enhancing cells' resistance to oxidative stress and inflammation, promoting cell survival and repair.
miR-122a and miR-33a are important microRNAs that regulate lipid metabolism. Xyloride regulates the expression of these two miRNAs, inhibits genes related to fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, reduces lipid accumulation in the liver, and improves metabolic abnormalities.
As a prebiotic, xylose activates the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways in the intestine, promotes the expression of mucins MUC2 and cell tightening junction proteins OCLN and ZO1, and enhances intestinal barrier function. Meanwhile, xylobes activate G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43, regulating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated metabolism and immune responses.
Xylo-digose has excellent druggability parameters. It has a moderate molecular weight and excellent water solubility (221.4310 mg/mL), making it suitable for oral administration and intestinal absorption. A negative LogP value (-2.4793) indicates strong hydrophilicity, making it difficult to cross the blood-brain barrier and reducing the risk of central nervous system toxicity. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of xylose cardiotoxicity. The Ames test result was 0.0, indicating no mutagenicity and relatively high safety.
Currently, pharmacokinetic research on xyloride is still in its early stages. Due to its low lipid solubility and high polarity, xylose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract may depend on specific transporters or prebiotic-mediated metabolic transformations. Its bioavailability, plasma half-life, and metabolic pathways require further systematic research.
With its multiple pharmacological activities such as regulating intestinal barrier function, improving glycolipid metabolism, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, xylose shows broad application prospects in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Its prebiotic properties also give it potential value in gut microecological regulation and related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and obesity.
Future research should focus on the following directions:
Preclinical safety and efficacy evaluation: Systematic toxicological and pharmacodynamic studies in animal models are conducted to clarify the dose-effect relationship and safety window for xylose.
Pharmacokinetics and Route Optimization of Administration: In-depth study of xenobiose absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics, and explore delivery strategies to improve bioavailability.
In-depth mechanism analysis: By combining omics techniques (transcriptomics, metabolomics, etc.), the molecular mechanisms by which xyloride regulates the gut-liver axis and the immune-metabolic network are revealed.
Clinical trial design: Based on existing pharmacological evidence, conduct clinical trials targeting patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome to verify efficacy and safety.
Combination formulation development: Combining other natural products or drugs to develop multi-target synergistic compound formulations to enhance therapeutic effects.
As a natural oligosaccharide, xylodis is a strong candidate molecule for modulating intestinal barrier function and treating metabolic diseases due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target pharmacological activity. Its inhibition of CLDN2 and induction of HSP27, combined with regulation of the miR-122a/miR-33a axis, constructed a multi-level, multi-dimensional action network. In the future, with advances in pharmacokinetics and clinical research, xylose is expected to develop into a novel natural drug or adjunct for treating type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Ongoing basic and applied research will lay a solid foundation for clinical translation, driving innovation in the field of natural product pharmacology.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
