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Product name: Siraitic acid A
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP2036
Cas No.: 183374-15-4
Formula: C29H44O5
Mol Weight: 472.666
Botanical Source: Siraitiae Radix
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Triterpenoids
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
83.8300
4.6034
1.9663
.0091
3.8470
7.8036
Low
90.3980
6.3516
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
0.0
No
No
No
No
Siraitic acid A (CAS No.: 183374-15-4) is a type of triterpene compound extracted from the roots of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Siraitia grosvenorii. Monk fruit has been widely studied for its natural sweetness and various pharmacological activities, especially showing significant potential in anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory fields. As one of its main active ingredients, Mongolic Acid A has become a hot topic in natural product pharmacology research in recent years due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target regulatory effects. This paper will systematically review the chemical structure, plant origin, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and clinical application prospects of monk fruit acid A, aiming to provide theoretical support and reference for subsequent drug development and mechanistic studies.
Mongolic acid A belongs to the cucurbitane-type triterpene compound, with a molecular formula of C30H48O5 and a molecular weight of 472.6660. Its structural core is a typical pentacyclic cucurvulane backbone, containing multiple hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, giving it high polarity and biological activity. In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of monk fruit acid A is 4.6034, indicating strong hydrophobicity, and the TPSA (polar surface area) is 83.83 Ų, indicating moderate polarity that may affect cell membrane permeability. Low water solubility (0.0091 mg/mL), which somewhat limits its oral bioavailability. The low permeability of the blood-brain barrier indicates limited impact on the central nervous system. The hERG channel suppression test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity, while the Ames-induced mutagenic test result was 0.0, indicating no significant genotoxicity risk.
Monk fruit acid A is mainly extracted from the roots of monk fruit. Luo Han Guo belongs to the genus Luo Han Guo in the Cucurbitaceae family, widely distributed in southern China, especially in Guangxi, Guangdong, and other regions. Traditionally, monk fruit has been used as a natural sweetener and traditional Chinese medicine, with its root rich in triterpenoid compounds.
The extraction process typically uses organic solvent extraction combined with column chromatography separation technology. The specific process includes: drying and crushing the roots of monk fruit, then reflux extraction using ethanol or methanol, concentration, and separation and purification by silica gel column chromatography or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). After purification, its structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and other methods. In recent years, the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction technologies has improved the extraction efficiency and purity of monk fruit acid A and promoted its feasibility for large-scale production.
Pharmacological activity studies of mongolic acid A mainly focus on its antidiabetic effects. Multiple in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that monk alic acid A can significantly improve glucose metabolism disorders, lower blood sugar levels, and enhance insulin sensitivity.
Antidiabetic effects
Mongolic acid acid A exerts its anti-diabetic effects through multi-target regulation. Animal experiments showed that after administering mongolic acid A to diabetic model rats, fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance all improved significantly. In addition, monk alkaloid acid can inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses related to diabetic complications, protecting the function of pancreatic β cells.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
Mongolic acid A has the ability to inhibit the release of inflammatory factors and scavenge free radicals, alleviating chronic inflammation related to diabetes and helping to prevent damage to the insulin signaling pathway.
Other potential activities
Although current research is limited, monk fruit acid A also shows certain potential in regulating lipid metabolism, protecting the liver, and improving cardiovascular function, making it worth further exploration.
The antidiabetic mechanism of A-Luoyang Fruit involves multiple signaling pathways and key targets, mainly including:
AMPK (PRKAA1) activates
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular energy metabolism. Mongolic acid A activates AMPK, promotes glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation, improves insulin sensitivity, inhibits gluconeogenesis, and lowers blood sugar.
SGLT2 inhibition
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is a key protein for renal glucose reabsorption. Mongolic acid A has a certain inhibitory effect on SGLT2, promotes the excretion of glucose in urine, and helps lower blood sugar.
GCK (glucokinase) regulation
Mongolic acid A can enhance GCK activity, promote glucose metabolism in liver and pancreatic cells, and increase insulin secretion.
PPARG activated
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) is a nuclear receptor that regulates lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Mongol Acid A activates PPARG, improves insulin resistance, and regulates lipid metabolism.
AKT1 and IRS1 signaling pathway
Rohan Acid A enhances insulin signal transduction by promoting the signaling of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and protein kinase B (AKT1), thereby enhancing glucose uptake and utilization.
DPP4 inhibition
Dipeptidel peptidase 4 (DPP4) plays a key role in the degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). The inhibitory effect of mongolic acid A on DPP4 helps prolong the half-life of GLP-1 and enhances insulin secretion.
SLC2A4 (GLUT4) regulation
By promoting the relocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to cell membranes, mongolic acid acid A increases glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue.
PIK3R1 regulation
Alpha monk fruit regulates the subunit 1 of phosphatidyl-inositol 3kinase (PIK3R1), promoting downstream responses of the insulin signaling pathway and enhancing cellular response to insulin.
In summary, monk fruit acid A systematically regulates glucose metabolism imbalance through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effects, demonstrating its potential as a natural anti-diabetic drug.
The druggability evaluation of Luohan Acid A shows it has certain development potential:
Molecular weight and lipid solubility
The molecular weight of 472.6660 is slightly above the "rule" for ideal drugs, but still within an acceptable range. A LogP value of 4.6 indicates strong lipid solubility, which facilitates cell membrane penetration but may affect water solubility and oral absorption.
Water solubility and bioavailability
Low water solubility (0.0091 mg/mL) suggests that oral formulations need optimized solubility or use nanocarriers, liposomes, and other delivery technologies to improve bioavailability.
The blood-brain barrier has low permeability
It limits its impact on the central nervous system and reduces the risk of potential neurotoxicity.
Safety indicators
hERG suppression negative, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity; The Ames test is non-mutagenic and has good safety.
Pharmacokinetic characteristics
Currently, research on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of monk alkalic acid A in vivo is relatively limited. Preliminary animal experiments indicate that oral absorption is slower, and liver metabolism may be the main pathway for clearance. In the future, systematic pharmacokinetic studies are needed to clarify its in vivo behavioral characteristics.
As a natural triterpene of triterpenes, luohan algaic acid has the potential to become a new antidiabetic drug due to its multi-target anti-diabetic effects and good safety profile. Its ability to regulate insulin signaling pathways and glucose metabolism in multiple ways makes it especially suitable for treating type 2 diabetes and its complications.
Future research directions include:
In-depth analysis of the pharmacogenous mechanism
By combining genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics techniques, the molecular network of mongolic acid A was further clarified.
Pharmacokinetics and dosage form optimization
Enhancing its water solubility and oral bioavailability to develop dosage forms suitable for clinical applications.
Preclinical and clinical research
Systematic toxicological evaluations and clinical trials are conducted to verify its safety and efficacy.
Combination medication strategies
Explore synergies with existing antidiabetic drugs to enhance treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.
In addition, the potential applications of mongolic acid A in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic syndrome areas are also worth attention, with potential for expanding its indications in the future.
As an important triterpene in monk fruit, Triterpene lulucane demonstrates significant antidiabetic activity and good safety. It regulates glucose metabolism through multiple targets and pathways, possessing strong pharmacological foundations and drug potential. Although pharmacokinetics and clinical application research are still in the early stages, with the development of extraction and purification technologies and modern pharmacological methods, mongolic acid A is expected to become an important candidate for the development of natural antidiabetic drugs. In the future, mechanistic research, formulation optimization, and clinical validation need to be strengthened to promote clinical translation and benefit the broad range of diabetes patients.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
