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Synonym name: Ginkgolic Acid C15:1; Ginkgoic acid; Ginkgolic acid; Romanicardic acid; (15:1)-Anacardic acid; Ana B
Catalogue No.: BP0644
Cas No.: 22910-60-7
Formula: C22H34O3
Mol Weight: 346.511
Botanical Source: Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) and minor cashew nut shellBiological Use / Importance: Possesses antitubercular activity
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.
HPLC of Ginkgolic Acid C15:1
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
57.5300
7.9017
5.1230
.0188
4.4483
1.3639
Low
95.3297
2.2991
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
0.0
No
No
No
No
Ginkgolic Acid C15:1 (CAS No.: 22910-60-7) is a class of natural hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives derived from ginkgo leaves. Due to its unique chemical structure and diverse biological activities, it has attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years. Ginkhonic acid, as one of the important secondary metabolites in ginkgo leaves, is functionally similar to salicylic acid compounds and exhibits multiple pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antitumor effects. Although the toxicity of gincolic acid once limited its use, with in-depth research into its structural modification and mechanism of action, the potential medicinal value of Gink Cinic Acid C15:1 has gradually been recognized.
This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of Ginknaric Acid C15:1, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and to explore its clinical application prospects and challenges, aiming to provide theoretical basis and research directions for drug development of this natural product.
Ginkgo acid C15:1 is a hydroxybenzoic acid compound, structurally connected by a benzene ring substituted with a hydroxyl group and a side chain of a 15-carbon fatty acid containing an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond. Its molecular formula is C22H34O3, and its molecular weight is 346.5110. The compound had a LogP value as high as 7.9017, indicating strong hydrophobicity and extremely low water solubility (0.0188 mg/mL), which significantly affects its bioavailability and in vivo distribution. The topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 57.53 Ų, indicating moderate polarity, which may affect membrane permeability.
The hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in the structure of Ginkura C15:1 impart certain chemical reactivity to it, while the unsaturated bonds of fatty acid side chains may serve as targets for metabolic modification. Due to its high hydrophobicity, ginknaric acid tends to be distributed in the body in the lipid environment, but its blood-brain barrier penetration ability is relatively low, limiting its direct application in central nervous system diseases. It is worth noting that Ginkhonic Acid C15:1 does not show hERG channel inhibitory activity, and Ames-induced mutagenic test results are negative, suggesting that its cardiotoxicity and genotoxicity risks are low, providing a certain safety basis.
Ginkgo Acid C15:1 is mainly found in the leaves and seeds of the ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba) and is one of the main components of ginkgo acid mixtures. As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, ginkgo leaves contain various bioactive components, among which ginkgo acid has attracted much attention for its unique pharmacological effects.
Traditional methods for extracting Ginkhonic Acid C15:1 mainly include solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Common solvents include organic solvents such as ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate. Due to its high hydrophobicity, ginkic acid is often extracted using medium-polar to non-polar solvents. The extraction process typically combines ultrasound-assisted or microwave-assisted technologies to improve extraction efficiency and purity.
During purification, column chromatography techniques (such as silica gel column chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography) are commonly used to separate the extract, obtaining high-purity Gink Cinic Acid C15:1. In recent years, with advances in chromatography technology, it has become possible to prepare Gink Glide Acid C15:1 with purity exceeding 95%, providing a material foundation for subsequent pharmacological research.
Gink Cinic Acid C15:1 exhibits a variety of significant biological activities, covering multiple fields including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, and neuroprotective effects.
Ginknaric acid C15:1 demonstrates good anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO). Both in vitro cell models and animal inflammation models confirmed that it can significantly reduce inflammatory responses, inhibit macrophage activation, and activate inflammatory signaling pathways.
Gink Acid C15:1 exhibits inhibitory effects against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with particular activity against drug-resistant strains. Additionally, related studies indicate that it has potential to inhibit replication of certain viruses (such as herpes simplex virus and influenza virus), suggesting its value as an anti-infective drug development.
Gink Acid C15:1 exhibits proliferation inhibition and apoptosis-inducing effects in various tumor cell lines. Its mechanisms involve cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial function regulation, and regulation of apoptosis-related protein expression. Some studies indicate that Gink Cinic Acid C15:1 can enhance the sensitivity of chemotherapy drugs and have potential adjunctive anti-cancer effects.
Although GinkUlic Acid C15:1 has relatively low blood-brain barrier penetration, it demonstrates certain protective effects in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress models, possibly by regulating neuroinflammatory responses and antioxidant mechanisms, providing potential targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
The pharmacological effects of Ginknaric Acid C15:1 involve multiple signaling pathways and molecular targets, mainly including:
Ginkno acid C15:1 can inhibit activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and lower inflammatory responses. By inhibiting the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, it blocks NF-κB from translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, thereby regulating downstream gene expression.
This compound can activate mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways by regulating the expression ratio of Bcl-2 family proteins, thereby inducing tumor cell apoptosis. It can also activate key apoptotic enzymes such as caspase-3 and caspase-9, promoting programmed cell death.
Gink Acid C15:1 enhances the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx), lowers reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and alleviates oxidative stress damage.
Ginkgo Acid C15:1 exerts antibacterial effects by disrupting the integrity of bacterial cell membranes, interfering with cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis. Additionally, its hydrophobic side chains help bind bacterial membrane lipids, enhancing the sterilization effect.
The druggability parameters of Ginknaric Acid C15:1 indicate that it has certain potential for drug development, but also faces challenges.
A high LogP value (7.9017) indicates that GinkCinic Acid C15:1 is strongly hydrophobic, which may lead to lower solubility and bioavailability in the body. Low water solubility (0.0188 mg/mL) limits its oral absorption efficiency, requiring formulation improvements or structural modifications to enhance solubility.
Currently, research on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of gincolic acid C15:1 in vivo is relatively limited. Existing data indicate that its blood-brain barrier penetration ability is relatively low, suggesting it mainly acts on peripheral tissues. Metabolic pathways may involve fatty acid β-oxidation and phase II metabolism of phenolic hydroxyl groups.
Gink Cinic acid C15:1 did not show hERG channel inhibition, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity. Ames test negative results indicate low genotoxicity. Additionally, animal toxicity tests show that its acute toxicity is relatively low, but long-term toxicological research still needs improvement.
Due to the high hydrophobicity and metabolic properties of Gink Acid C15:1, it may interact with liver drug-metabolizing enzymes (such as the CYP450 family), affecting the metabolism of other drugs, which requires further research.
Ginkno acid C15:1, with its multiple pharmacological activities, shows broad application prospects, especially in anti-inflammation, antibacterial, and antitumor fields. As one of the active ingredients in ginkgo leaf extract, it is expected to become a new type of natural medicine or lead compound.
For chronic inflammatory diseases (such as arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease), Gink Cinic Acid C15:1 can be a potential candidate for anti-inflammatory drugs. In the future, structural optimization and nanocarrier technology can enhance its bioavailability and targeting.
In the face of antibiotic resistance, the antibacterial and antiviral activity of Gink Cinic Acid C15:1 offers new ideas for developing novel anti-infective drugs. Combination therapy strategies or structural modifications may enhance their clinical value.
Gink Acid C15:1 shows outstanding performance in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, and in the future it may serve as a chemotherapy adjuvant to enhance anticancer efficacy and reduce side effects.
Although the blood-brain barrier penetration ability is limited, improvements in drug delivery systems still show potential for GinkCinate C15:1 in neurodegenerative diseases.
The high hydrophobicity and low water solubility of Ginknaric Acid C15:1 limit its clinical application, requiring improvements in drug design and formulation technology. Systematic pharmacokinetic and toxicological research is still incomplete, with insufficient preclinical and clinical trial data, urgently needing in-depth exploration.
Additionally, structural modification and derivative development of Ginkgo Acid C15:1 are future research priorities, aiming to improve its pharmacokinetic properties, enhance bioactivity, and reduce potential toxicity.
Ginkhonic acid C15:1, as an important natural hydroxybenzoic acid compound in ginkgo leaves, demonstrates broad drug development potential due to its diverse pharmacological activities and good safety. Its research achievements in anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, and neuroprotective fields continue to grow, providing important examples for natural product pharmacology.
In the future, by integrating modern medicinal chemistry, drug delivery, and systems biology technologies, in-depth analysis of the mechanism of action of Ginknaric Acid C15:1 and optimization of its drug properties will help promote its clinical application and foster innovative development of natural products in modern medicine.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
