Product name: Homoplantaginin
Synonym name: Hispiduloside
Catalogue No.: BP0734
Cas No.: 17680-84-1
Formula: C₂₂H₂₂O₁₁
Mol Weight: 462.407
Botanical Source: Salvia plebeia R. Br.
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Flavonoids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

Description:

Homoplantaginin shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it also has a protective and therapeutic effect on hepatocyte injury and shows potent inhibitory activities against influenza. Homoplantaginin may be used for the prevention and treatment of endothelial dysfunction associated with insulin resistance, it ameliorates endothelial insulin resistance by inhibiting inflammation and modulating cell signalling via the IKKβ/IRS-1/pAkt/peNOS pathway.

References:

Food Chem Toxicol. 2009 Jul;47(7):1710-5.    

Protective effects of Salvia plebeia compound homoplantaginin on hepatocyte injury.   

Salvia plebeia R. Br is a traditional Chinese herb which has been considered as an inflammatory mediator used for treatment of many infectious diseases including hepatitis. Previously, the compound Homoplantaginin was isolated in our group. 

METHODS AND RESULTS:

Hence, we evaluated the protective effects of Homoplantaginin on hepatocyte injury. Homoplantaginin displayed an antioxidant property in a cell-free system and showed IC(50) of reduction level of DPPH radical at 0.35 microg/ml. In human hepatocyte HL-7702 cells exposed to H(2)O(2), the addition of 0.1-100 microg/ml of Homoplantaginin, which did not have a toxic effect on cell viability, significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and increased glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in supernatant. In vivo assay, we employed the model of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic injury mice to evaluate efficacy of Homoplantaginin. Homoplantaginin (25-100mg/kg) significantly reduced the increase in serum alanine aminotranseferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). The same treatment also reduced the content of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), elevated the levels of GSH, GSH-Px and SOD in hepatic homogenate. The histopathological analysis showed that the grade of liver injury was ameliorated with reduction of inflammatory cells and necrosis of liver cells in Homoplantaginin treatment mice. 

CONCLUSIONS:

These results suggest that Homoplantaginin has a protective and therapeutic effect on hepatocyte injury, which might be associated with its antioxidant properties.    

HPLC of Homoplantaginin

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Homoplantaginin, CAS number 17680-84-1, is a flavonoid compound derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia plebeia. In recent years, with the advancement of pharmacological research on natural products, highchaprotoside has attracted widespread attention due to its remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Inflammatory responses play a key role in the occurrence and development of various diseases, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumors. Due to their structural diversity and bioactivity, natural flavonoids have become important candidate molecules for anti-inflammatory drug development. As one of the main active ingredients in Salvia plebeia, high-chaprotoside glycosides have demonstrated good pharmacological activity and safety, showing high development potential.

This paper systematically reviews the chemical structure and physicochemical properties, plant origin, and extraction methods of gaproside, focusing on analyzing its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action. Combined with druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic data, it explores its clinical application prospects, aiming to provide theoretical basis and reference for further research and development of gaprochaside.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Gaocheproside belongs to the flavonoid glycoside class, with a molecular formula of C22H22O11 and a molecular weight of 462.4070. Its chemical structure is based on the flavonoid nucleus, with multiple hydroxyl and glycoside residues attached, giving it strong polarity and water solubility. Specifically, the structure is characterized by a flavonoid core connected to glucosides via glycosides, containing abundant phenolic hydroxyl groups, which facilitate free radical scavenging and antioxidant effects.

In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of high-carblaside is 0.0425, indicating strong hydrophilicity, and water solubility is 1.0912, making it suitable for aqueous phase drug formulations. Its topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 179.2800, indicating high molecular polarity that may limit its ability to pass through biofilms. The low permeability of the blood-brain barrier suggests limited pharmacological effects within the central nervous system. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames-induced mutagenic test scored 0.6, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and a solid safety foundation.

In summary, the chemical structure of polychalates gives them excellent antioxidant activity and high water solubility. Their physicochemical properties support their potential as oral drugs, but their high polarity may affect bioavailability and tissue distribution.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Gaochoside is mainly found in the Lamiaceae plant Salvia plebeia (commonly known as Gaocholyside). Salvia plebeia is a perennial herbaceous plant widely distributed in East Asian regions such as China, Japan, and South Korea, traditionally used to treat colds, coughs, inflammation, liver diseases, and other conditions. The whole plant and leaves are the main enrichment sites for gacha glycosides.

The extraction process for gachaprosidene usually uses polar solvents such as ethanol or methanol aqueous solutions for reflux or ultrasound-assisted extraction. The extraction steps include:

1. Raw material pretreatment: Fresh or dried Salvia plebeia leaves are collected and ground into fine powder.
2. Solvent extraction: Using 70%-80% ethanol as the extractant, reflux extraction or ultrasonic extraction is employed, with extraction time generally lasting 1-3 hours.
3. Concentration and separation: After the extract is concentrated by rotary evaporation, it is separated and purified using liquid-liquid partitioning or column chromatography techniques.
4. Purification process: Common purification methods include silica gel column chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), ultimately obtaining high-purity, high-plantain-glycoside content.

This extraction method is simple and efficient, ensuring the stability and yield of the active ingredient in high plantains, making it suitable for laboratory and industrial-scale production.

Pharmacological activity research

Anti-inflammatory activity

The core pharmacological activity of gachaproside is anti-inflammatory action. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that glycoside can significantly inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. In macrophage lines (such as RAW264.7 cells), treatment with polychalaside reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α, inhibits the activity of induced nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2), and alleviates inflammatory responses.

In animal models, pre-glycoside showed effects in reducing inflammatory edema and inhibiting infiltration of inflammatory cells. For example, in mouse plantar inflammation models and rat arthritis models, high phyllroside significantly reduced inflammatory markers and improved histopathological presentation.

Antioxidant activity

Gachoproside contains a rich phenolic hydroxyl group structure and possesses strong free radical scavenging ability. Its antioxidant effect is achieved by directly scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and enhancing the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Antioxidant activity helps reduce cellular damage related to oxidative stress, indirectly exerting anti-inflammatory and protective tissue functions.

Other pharmacological effects

Besides anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, some studies suggest that pre-chachaside may have potential analgesic, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities, but related research is still in its early stages and requires further validation.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The anti-inflammatory mechanism of gachaproside involves multiple signaling pathways and molecular targets, specifically including:

• IL-6/STAT3 pathway: Glycoside can inhibit the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and its downstream transcription factor STAT3, blocking the transmission of inflammatory signals and reducing the expression of inflammatory genes.

• NF-κB signaling pathway: By inhibiting NFKB1 activation, high phyllagoside lowers transcription levels of pro-inflammatory genes, weakening inflammatory responses.

• Regulation of inflammation-related enzymes: Glycoside inhibits the activity of cyclooxygenases PTGS1 and PTGS2, reduces prostaglandin synthesis, and alleviates inflammation and pain.

• Regulation of inflammatory mediators: By regulating CASP1 (inflammasome-associated protein) and NOS2 (induced nitric oxide synthase), hyperchalatides inhibit the release of inflammatory mediators.

• Role of TRP Channels: Glycosides regulate TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels, which play important roles in inflammation and pain perception. Their inhibition helps relieve pain caused by inflammation.

Overall, Gaocheproside exerts its anti-inflammatory activity through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effects, demonstrating the advantages of natural products in multi-target intervention of diseases.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

The druggability parameters of gaoche glycoside indicate that it has certain development potential:

• Molecular weight and polarity: The molecular weight of 462.4 is slightly above the ideal range for traditional oral drugs (<500), but still within acceptable limits. A higher TPSA (179.28) suggests greater polarity, which may limit membrane permeability and oral absorption.

• Lipid solubility and water solubility: The LogP value is close to zero, indicating strong hydrophilicity and good water solubility, which is beneficial for formulation development but may affect the bioavailability related to lipid solubility.

• Blood-brain barrier permeability: Predicted as low, indicating limited distribution in the central nervous system, suitable for treating peripheral inflammatory diseases.

• Safety: hERG inhibition negative and Ames test results in low mutagenicity, indicating low risk of cardiotoxicity and genotoxicity, and good safety.

Pharmacokinetic studies are relatively limited. Preliminary data indicate that polychelaside is absorbed slowly orally and its bioavailability is limited, mainly metabolized by the liver, with excretion routes including urine and bile. In the future, systematic pharmacokinetic and metabolic kinetics studies are needed to optimize dosing regimens and enhance clinical value.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

As a natural flavonoid with significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, high-carchaproside has broad clinical application potential. Its main indications include:

• Chronic inflammatory diseases: such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which utilize their multi-target anti-inflammatory mechanisms to improve conditions and alleviate symptoms.

• Metabolic syndrome-related inflammation: such as diabetes and atherosclerosis, where the dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects help slow down pathological progression.

• Skin inflammation and wound repair: Topical application of glycoside preparations can promote inflammation reduction and tissue healing.

• Assisting cancer treatment: By modulating the inflammatory microenvironment, it assists traditional treatments and reduces the risk of side effects and recurrence.

Future research directions should focus on:

• Further clarify the pharmacokinetic characteristics and metabolic pathways of gachaproside.
• Optimizing formulation technology to improve bioavailability and targeting.
• Conduct systematic toxicological and preclinical safety evaluations.
• Design reasonable clinical trials to verify efficacy and safety.
• Exploring the potential for combined use with other drugs to achieve synergistic effects.

As a rising star in natural product drug development, Gaocheproside combines modern pharmacology and medicinal chemistry methods and is expected to become an important candidate for new anti-inflammatory drugs.

Conclusion

As an important flavonoid component in Salvia plebeia, high-chaprotoside demonstrates good pharmacological value and drug potential due to its excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Its multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action offers new ideas for the development of natural product anti-inflammatory drugs. Although research on its pharmacokinetics and clinical applications is still insufficient, there is data supporting its safety and efficacy. In the future, through in-depth mechanistic research and clinical validation, polychalaside is expected to become a rising natural drug for treating various inflammation-related diseases, promoting the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine and the development of natural product pharmacology.