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Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
187.9000
-1.4807
-1.4807
30.2023
.4362
.5736
Low
28.0989
5.1920
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
0.3
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Sesamoside (CAS No.: 117479-87-5) is a natural terpene product isolated from the traditional Tibetan medicinal plant Lamiophlomis rotata. In recent years, with the rapid development of natural product pharmacology, sesame glycosides have attracted widespread attention due to their remarkable antioxidant and antiglycosylation activities. Oxidative stress and glycation damage are important pathological processes in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes and its complications, and cardiovascular diseases. Huanjigan glycosides demonstrate potential preventive and therapeutic effects by regulating various antioxidant-related targets, making them a hot topic in natural medicine research.
This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of Hun glycosides, plant origins and extraction methods, explore their pharmacological activity and mechanism of action in depth, evaluate them in combination with druggability parameters, and look ahead to their clinical application potential, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and reference for further research and development of this compound.
The molecular formula of Hun genus glycosides is C_21H_32O_9, with a molecular weight of 420.3670, and it belongs to terpene compounds. Its structural feature is a typical diterpene glycoside structure, containing multiple hydroxyl and sugar groups, which imparts high polarity and water solubility. Its LogP value was -1.4807, indicating strong hydrophilicity and resistance to lipid membrane crossing, consistent with its low blood-brain barrier penetration (low BBB). The total polar surface area (TPSA) reaches up to 187.9 Ų, further supporting its highly polar characteristics.
The water solubility of flaxseed glycosides is about 30.2023 mg/mL, indicating good water solubility that is beneficial for formulation development and absorption in the body. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test score was 0.3, indicating that this compound has no significant mutagenicity and is relatively safe.
Flax glycosides are mainly isolated from Lamiophlomis rotata, a plant of the genus Flax. L. rotata is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Lamiaceae family, widely distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas of China. It is an important medicinal plant in Tibetan medicine, traditionally used for pain relief, anti-inflammation, and promoting wound healing.
The usual extraction steps for sesame glycosides are as follows:
This method offers high extraction efficiency, good purity, and ease of operation, making it suitable for large-scale separation of Huan glycosides.
The pharmacological activity of Huan glycosides is mainly reflected in antioxidant and antiglycosylation aspects, laying the foundation for its potential applications in various diseases.
Oxidative stress is the common pathological basis of many diseases, and flax glycosides exert protective effects through multiple antioxidant signaling pathways. In vitro experiments have shown that Huanxi glycosides can scavenge free radicals, significantly reduce intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and protect cells from oxidative damage.
In cell models, after treatment with sesame glycosides, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD1, SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) were significantly enhanced, indicating that they can activate endogenous antioxidant defense systems. Additionally, flax glycosides can induce the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), enhancing cellular tolerance to oxidative stress.
Non-enzymatic glycation reactions lead to the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which is an important pathological mechanism of diabetes and its complications. Huan glycosides show good anti-glycosylation effects by inhibiting AGE formation and reducing glycosylation-related cell damage.
Relevant in vitro experiments have shown that flax glycosides can significantly inhibit protein glycosylation, reduce AGE levels, and alleviate cellular dysfunction caused by glycosylation, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications.
The pharmacological effects of flax glycosides are closely related to their regulation of various key molecular targets, especially in the field of antioxidant damage.
NFE2L2 (nuclear factor 2-related factor 2, NRF2) is the main antioxidant transcription factor within cells. Hula glycosides can promote the cytoplasmic translocation of NRF2 to the nucleus, enhancing its binding to antioxidant reactive elements (AREs) and inducing the expression of downstream antioxidant enzyme genes.
By activating the NRF2 signaling pathway, flax glycosides upregulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GPX1, and HMOX1, systematically enhancing cellular antioxidant defense, reducing ROS levels, and alleviating oxidative damage.
Huanjisin glycosides inhibit the formation of AGEs by directly capturing active intermediates in glycosylation reactions. Additionally, Huanjisin glycosides may reduce the rate of glycation reactions by modulating related enzyme activities, thereby alleviating cellular damage caused by glycosylation.
Although currently mainly focused on antioxidant-related targets, Huan glycosides may also involve regulation of other signaling pathways, such as inflammatory factor regulation and mitochondrial function protection. Future research may further reveal the mechanisms of its multi-target action.
The druggability parameters of sesame glycosides indicate that it has certain development potential, but also faces certain challenges.
The molecular weight of Huma glycosides is 420.3670, which falls within the medium molecular weight range. Its lower LogP value (-1.4807) and higher TPSA (187.9) indicate strong polarity and good water solubility (30.2023 mg/mL), which facilitates the dissolution and absorption of oral formulations.
However, high polarity and larger TPSA may limit its ability to cross lipid membranes, leading to reduced oral bioavailability, especially weaker blood-brain barrier penetration (low BBB), which limits its application in central nervous system diseases.
The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames trial scored 0.3, indicating no significant mutagenicity, good safety, and suitability for further drug development.
Currently, pharmacokinetic data on Huanjigenin are relatively limited. Given its high polarity and water solubility, it is speculated that its oral absorption may be limited, with its distribution mainly confined to blood and peripheral tissues. Its metabolic pathway may involve glycoside hydrolysis and corresponding metabolic transformation in liver enzyme systems.
In the future, systematic in vivo pharmacokinetic studies are needed, including detailed analyses of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes to guide formulation optimization and clinical application.
With its remarkable antioxidant and anti-glycosylation activities, flax glycosides show broad application prospects in the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases.
Oxidative stress and glycation damage are the core pathological mechanisms of diabetes and its complications. Hucana glycosides reduce oxidative and glycosylation damage through dual mechanisms and are expected to serve as novel natural drugs for adjunctive treatment of diabetes, slowing the progression of complications.
Although the blood-brain barrier penetration of hemanema glycosides is relatively low, their antioxidant properties may still indirectly protect the nervous system through peripheral anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In the future, structural modification or nanocarrier technology may enhance accessibility to the central nervous system, expanding the therapeutic potential of neurodegenerative diseases.
Oxidative stress plays a key role in atherosclerosis and myocardial injury. Huanjigan glycosides enhance antioxidant defenses by activating the NRF2 signaling pathway, helping cardiovascular protection and reducing the risk of cardiovascular events.
Given the physicochemical properties of sesame glycosides, future strategies such as drug structure optimization, nanocarrier encapsulation, and sustained-release formulations can enhance bioavailability and targeting to promote clinical translation.
In addition, combining modern pharmacology with traditional medical theories and conducting systematic preclinical and clinical studies to verify its safety and efficacy is key to achieving clinical application of Huanjiangin.
As a natural terpenoid compound with a unique structure and significant biological activity, Huanxi glycosides exhibit excellent antioxidant and anti-glycosylation effects. By activating the NFE2L2/NRF2 signaling pathway and regulating various antioxidant enzymes, it systematically reduces oxidative damage, offering broad potential for disease prevention and treatment.
Although there are still shortcomings in pharmacokinetics and clinical research, its good safety and physicochemical properties lay the foundation for further development. In the future, through multidisciplinary research methods, optimizing formulations and enhancing bioavailability, it is expected to promote Huanjian glycosides as a new generation of natural medicines, serving the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases such as diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.
In summary, flaxseed glycosides not only enrich the research content of natural product pharmacology, but also provide new ideas and directions for natural drug development, worthy of in-depth exploration and widespread application.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
