Product name: Tyrosol
Synonym name: 4-Hydroxybenzeneethanol, 9CI; p-Hydroxyphenethyl alcohol; Salidrosol
Catalogue No.: BP1421
Cas No.: 501-94-0
Formula: C₈H₁₀O₂
Mol Weight: 138.166
Botanical Source:
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Phenols

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.




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The main services:
A. Supply active ingredients and reference standards of TCM, from mgs to kgs scale
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D. CR(contract research), CM(contract manufacture) and PD(process development) services from lab scale, pilot scale to commercial scale(GMP is also available)
E. TCM compounds library for drug screen,more than 3000 compounds available, many of them are rare and unique.

HPLC of Tyrosol

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Tyrosol (CAS No.: 501-94-0) is a naturally occurring phenylethanol derivative widely distributed in various plants, especially olive oil and certain medicinal plants. As a bioactive small molecule, tyrosol has attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years due to its significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Numerous studies have shown that tyrosol can weaken the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by astrocytes and inhibit activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, tyrosol significantly alleviates oxidative stress damage by regulating various antioxidant enzymes and transcription factors, demonstrating good neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective potential. This article will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of tyrosol, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and finally explore its clinical application prospects and future research directions.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

The chemical structure of tyrosol is 4-hydroxyphenylethanol, molecular formula C8H10O2, and molecular weight 138.1660. Its structure contains a benzene ring and a hydroxyl-substituted ethanol side chain, forming a typical phenylethanol backbone. The LogP value of tyrosol is 1.1771, indicating moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration and bioavailability. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 40.4600, indicating moderate polarity and a certain degree of water solubility (11.6677 mg/mL), which helps with its distribution and metabolism in the body. Tyrosol has a high blood-brain barrier penetration ability, suggesting its potential application value in central nervous system diseases. The hERG suppression test results were negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test result was 0.0, indicating that it is not mutagenic and has relatively high safety.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Tyrosol is widely found in olive oil, olive leaves, grapes and their products, as well as certain traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Tyrosol in olive oil is especially rich and is one of its main bioactive components. Common methods for extracting tyrosol include solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Solvent extraction usually uses ethanol or methanol as extractants, combined with liquid-liquid separation and column chromatography purification, to obtain higher purity tyrosol. Ultrasound-assisted extraction technology uses sonic vibrations to enhance the destruction of plant cell walls, improving extraction efficiency. It is gentle in operation and suitable for extracting heat-sensitive components. In recent years, green and environmentally friendly supercritical CO2 extraction technology has also been applied to tyrosol extraction, enabling efficient separation without solvent residues, meeting the sustainable development requirements of modern natural product extraction.

Pharmacological activity research

The pharmacological activities of tyrosol are mainly reflected in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular protection.

1. Antioxidant effects
   Tyrosol can effectively eliminate free radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and protect cells from oxidative stress damage. In vitro experiments show that tyrosol can enhance the expression and activity of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD1, SOD2), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), thereby enhancing cellular antioxidant defense capabilities. Tyrosol can also activate the transcription factor NFE2L2 (NRF2), promoting the expression of antioxidant genes and significantly reducing oxidative damage.

2. Anti-inflammatory effects
   Tyrosol reduces inflammatory responses by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in astrocytes, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Its mechanism mainly involves inhibiting activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, blocking the transcription expression of inflammation-related genes, and alleviating neuroinflammation and systemic inflammatory states.

3. Neuroprotective effects
   Tyrosol has excellent blood-brain barrier penetration and can act directly on the central nervous system. Multiple studies have shown that tyrosol alleviates oxidative damage and inflammatory responses in nerve cells through dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, protecting neurons from injury and potentially treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

4. Cardiovascular protective effects
   Tyrosol can improve vascular endothelial function, inhibit platelet aggregation, lower blood lipids and blood pressure, and reduce the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects help prevent chronic damage to the cardiovascular system and slow the progression of cardiovascular diseases.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The biological activity of tyrosol mainly depends on its regulation of various molecular targets, especially signaling pathways related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

1. NFE2L2/NRF2 signaling pathway
   Tyrosol can activate the NFE2L2 (NRF2) transcription factor, promoting its transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, binding to antioxidant response elements (ARE), and upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes such as SOD1, SOD2, CAT, GPX1, and HMOX1, thereby enhancing cellular antioxidant defense and resisting oxidative stress.

2. NF-κB signaling pathway
   Tyrosol inhibits the activation of NF-κB, preventing its cytoplasmic translocation into the nucleus, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses. This mechanism is particularly pronounced in astrocytes, demonstrating tyrosol's regulatory role in neuroinflammation.

3. Regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity
   Through direct or indirect action, tyrosol enhances the activity of key antioxidant enzymes such as SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPX1, clearing excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing cell damage and apoptosis.

4. Other potential targets
   Some studies suggest tyrosol may affect mitochondrial function and apoptosis-related signaling pathways, further exerting its protective effects, but the specific mechanism still requires further exploration.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

The druggability parameters of tyrosol indicate that it has good potential for drug development. A molecular weight of 138.1660 complies with the Lipinski rule, and a LogP value of 1.1771 indicates moderate lipid-water compatibility, which is beneficial for oral absorption and internal distribution. TPSA is 40.4600, supporting its good cell membrane permeability and blood-brain barrier penetration capability. Water solubility is 11.6677 mg/mL, ensuring its solubility and bioavailability in the body. The hERG suppression test result was negative, indicating high cardiac safety. The Ames test is non-mutagenic and has good safety.

Pharmacokinetic studies show that tyrosol is rapidly absorbed orally, has a moderate plasma half-life, and is widely distributed in the body, especially at high concentrations in brain tissue, meeting its neuroprotective requirements. Tyrosol is mainly metabolized by the liver, with metabolic products including phenolic compounds and glucoside complexes, which are ultimately excreted in urine. Good metabolic stability, low toxicity, and good safety lay the foundation for its clinical development.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

With its remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, tyrosol shows broad application prospects in the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Its potential is especially notable in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and chronic inflammatory diseases.

1. Neurodegenerative diseases
   Tyrosol protects neuronal function by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and may serve as an adjunct treatment for diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Systematic clinical trials are needed in the future to verify its efficacy and safety.

2. Cardiovascular diseases
   The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of tyrosol help prevent atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular events, making it suitable as a preventive nutritional supplement or adjunctive therapy for cardiovascular diseases.

3. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory
   Tyrosol has shown good anti-inflammatory effects in various inflammatory diseases, and future applications in autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndromes, and other conditions may be explored.

4. Combination therapy and new dosage form development
   Given tyrosol's good safety and druggability, it may be used in combination with other drugs in the future to achieve synergistic effects. Meanwhile, the development of new dosage forms such as nanocarriers and sustained-release formulations is expected to improve their bioavailability and targeting.

Conclusion

As a natural phenylethanol derivative, tyrosol holds significant research value and development potential in the field of natural product pharmacology due to its excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. By regulating key signaling pathways such as NFE2L2/NRF2 and NF-κB, it significantly alleviates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, demonstrating broad biological functions and therapeutic prospects. Excellent druggability parameters, high safety, and a solid foundation for clinical translation. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen pharmacological research and systematic clinical trials of tyrosol, promote its application in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory diseases, and support the development and innovation of natural product drugs.