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Product name: Sennoside D
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP1295
Cas No.: 37271-17-3
Formula: C42H40O19
Mol Weight: 848.763
Botanical Source: Sennae Folium
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Anthraquinones
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd. is a leading company in the research, development, manufacture and marketing of High Quality Phytochemicals and Extracts(especially Active Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine，TCM), Natural Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients worldwide.
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A. Supply active ingredients and reference standards of TCM, from mgs to kgs scale
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HPLC of Sennoside D
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
330.8900
.6420
-2.0718
.7582
.5235
.2023
Low
88.3853
5.4867
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
0.0
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Sennoside D is a typical anthraquinone glycoside natural product, mainly found in the senna leaves (Cassia angustifolia) and its pods. As a widely used laxative in traditional Chinese medicine and herbal medicine, senna leaves have been extensively studied for their remarkable laxative effects. As one of its main active ingredients, senna glycoside D plays a key role in regulating intestinal function, promoting intestinal peristalsis, and regulating intestinal water balance. In recent years, with the deepening of molecular pharmacology and pharmacokinetic research, the mechanism, molecular targets, and safety evaluation of senna glycoside D have become increasingly clear, providing a solid scientific foundation for its clinical application and new drug development.
This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of senna glycoside D, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics, as well as its clinical application prospects and development trends, aiming to provide comprehensive and authoritative reference materials for relevant researchers.
The chemical structure of senna glycoside D belongs to the anthraquinone glycoside class, with a molecular formula of C42H38O20 and a molecular weight of 848.7630. Its structure consists of two anthraquinone units connected by glycosidic bonds to form a dimer, exhibiting the typical polyhydroxyl and glycosidic bond characteristics of anthraquinone glycoside compounds. The molecule contains multiple hydroxyl and glycosyl groups, giving it high polarity and water solubility.
In terms of physicochemical properties, senna glycoside D has a LogP value of 0.6420, indicating strong hydrophilicity and a certain degree of water solubility (solubility about 0.7582 mg/mL). Its topological pole surface area (TPSA) reaches as high as 330.8900 Ų, reflecting the presence of a large number of polar groups in the molecule, which facilitates hydrogen bonding and polar interactions with biological macromolecules. The low permeability of the blood-brain barrier suggests its limited penetration ability in the central nervous system, thereby reducing the risk of central toxicity. Additionally, senna glycoside D did not show hERG channel inhibitory activity, and the Ames test result was 0.0, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and a solid safety foundation.
Senna glycoside D is mainly distributed in the leaves of the leguminous plant Cassia angustifolia Vahl and its pods. Senna leaves are perennial shrubs native to India and surrounding regions, and are an important laxative in traditional herbal medicine. Its leaves and mature pods are rich in anthraquinone glycoside compounds, with various isomers such as senna glycosides A, B, C, and D coexisting. However, senna glycoside D has attracted much attention due to its unique pharmacological activity.
The extraction method typically uses water extraction or alcohol extraction combined with liquid-liquid separation technology. The specific process includes:
In recent years, new technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have also been applied to the extraction of senna glycoside D, significantly improving extraction efficiency and purity, while saving time and solvent usage.
The main pharmacological activity of senna glycoside D is concentrated in its laxative effect. As a stimulant laxative, it regulates intestinal function through multiple targets, promotes intestinal peristalsis and water secretion, and alleviates constipation symptoms.
Senna glycoside D is hydrolyzed in the gut by the gut microbiota into active anthraquinone metabolites, such as rhein anthrone. These metabolites stimulate the intestinal nervous system and epithelial cells, enhancing intestinal peristalsis and secretion functions. Animal experiments have shown that senna glycoside D can significantly shorten intestinal transit time in mice and rats, increase the water content in intestinal contents, and improve symptoms in constipation models.
Some studies have found that senna glycoside D and its metabolites have certain anti-inflammatory activities, can inhibit the expression of intestinal inflammatory factors, and reduce inflammatory responses. Additionally, its anthraquinone structure gives it certain antioxidant capacity, helping to protect the intestinal mucosa from oxidative stress damage.
In recent years, research on senna glycoside D in regulating gut microbiota balance and improving metabolic syndrome has increased, demonstrating its pharmacological potential with multiple targets and effects, though the related mechanisms still need further clarification.
The laxative effect of senna glycoside D is mainly achieved by regulating water transport and electrolyte balance in intestinal epithelial cells. Its key molecular targets include:
CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conduction Regulator)
CFTR is a chloride ion channel located on the membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, regulating the secretion of chloride ions and water in the intestinal lumen. Senna glycoside D and its metabolites can activate CFTR channels, promote chloride ion secretion, bring water into the intestinal lumen, increase the water content in intestinal contents, and promote bowel movements.
SLC9A3 (Sodium/Hydrogen Exchange Protein 3, NHE3)
SLC9A3 is involved in the reabsorption of sodium ions and water in the intestines. Senna glycoside D inhibits SLC9A3 activity, reduces the reabsorption of sodium ions and water, further increases intestinal moisture, and exerts a laxative effect.
Aqueporin (AQP3, AQP4, AQP8)
Aquaporins play an important role in intestinal water transport. Senna glycoside D regulates the expression and function of AQP3, AQP4, and AQP8, promotes intestinal water flow and balance, enhances water content in the intestinal lumen, and improves constipation.
In addition, the metabolites of senna glycoside D can stimulate the enteric nervous system, promote contraction of intestinal smooth muscle, enhance intestinal peristalsis, and work synergistically to achieve a laxative effect.
Senna glycoside D has a moderate molecular weight (848.7630) and high polarity (TPSA 330.89), with good water solubility (0.7582 mg/mL), but its higher polarity and molecular weight limit its oral bioavailability. Its LogP value is 0.6420, indicating a moderate hydrophilic and lipophilic balance, which is beneficial for intestinal absorption but less likely to cross the blood-brain barrier (low BBB permeability), reducing the risk of central nervous system toxicity.
In terms of safety, senna glycoside D did not show hERG channel inhibition, and Ames genotoxicity test was negative, indicating low genotoxicity risk and good safety, suitable for long-term oral use.
After oral administration, senna glycoside D is mainly converted into active anthraquinone metabolites in the gastrointestinal tract by β-glucosidase in the gut microbiota, which are the true active substances. The upright senna glycoside D is absorbed with limited absorption and mainly acts locally in the intestinal lumen. Metabolites are partially absorbed into the bloodstream, then metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys.
Its local intestinal metabolism and characteristics determine that senna glycoside D mainly exerts a local laxative effect, resulting in lower systemic exposure and reduced systemic side effects.
As the main active ingredient in senna leaves, Senna glycoside D has been widely used to treat constipation, especially for chronic functional constipation and postoperative intestinal function recovery. Its purgative effect is rapid and effective, suitable for short-term use.
In the future, with further in-depth research into its mechanism of action and pharmacokinetics, Senna glycoside D is expected to enhance oral bioavailability and targeting through structural optimization and formulation improvements, expanding its clinical application scope. In addition, senna glycoside D's potential role in regulating gut microbiota, anti-inflammation, and metabolic regulation offers new ideas for its application in gut and metabolic diseases.
At the same time, systematic evaluation of safety and long-term medication risks still needs strengthening, especially regarding the impact on the gut microecology and possible drug resistance issues, which require more clinical and basic research support.
As a typical anthraquinone glycoside natural product, Senna glycoside D holds an important position in the field of laxative treatment due to its unique chemical structure and good pharmacological activity. Its multi-target mechanism of action and favorable safety profile provide a solid foundation for clinical application. In the future, driven by modern drug development technologies, Senna glycoside D is expected to achieve broader clinical applications and new drug development, becoming an important model for pharmacological research of natural products.
Ongoing in-depth basic and clinical research will further reveal its mechanism of action, optimize its pharmacokinetic properties, and promote its application in the treatment of constipation and related intestinal diseases, providing patients with safer and more efficient treatment options.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
