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1.6594
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Octyl acetate (CAS number: 112-14-1) is a naturally occurring aliphatic ester compound, widely found in volatile components of various fruits and plants. As an orally active aliphatic ester, octyl acetate is widely used in the food industry for its unique fruity aroma in the formulation of spices and flavorings, and has also attracted attention in pharmacology due to its potential bioactivity. In recent years, with the deepening pharmacological research on natural products, octyl acetate has gradually revealed its antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor pharmacological effects, especially showing potential in studies of malignant melanoma, colon cancer, and breast cancer.
This review aims to systematically summarize the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of octyl acetate, plant origin, and extraction methods, with a focus on evaluating its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, analyzing its pharmacokinetic characteristics in combination with druggability parameters, and finally discussing its clinical application prospects and future research directions, providing reference and inspiration for researchers in the field of natural product pharmacology.
The molecular formula of octyl acetate is C10H20O2, with a molecular weight of 172.2680. Its chemical structure consists of an octyl (C8H17) adipose chain connected to an acetate group via an ester bond, with the structural formula CH3COO(CH2)7CH3. This structure imparts high hydrophobicity to octyl acetate, with a LogP value of 4.6046, indicating strong lipid solubility that facilitates penetration of cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its polar surface area (TPSA) is 26.3 Ų, indicating low molecular polarity and further supporting its good membrane permeability.
Octyl acetate has relatively low water solubility, about 0.1833 mg/mL, making it a poorly soluble fat-soluble substance in water. Its physicochemical properties are stable, it does not inhibit hERG channels, and the Ames-induced mutagenic test result was zero, indicating low genotoxicity risk and good safety. These properties lay a solid foundation for its potential as a drug molecule.
Octyl acetate is widely found in the volatile oils of various fruits and plants, especially abundant in strawberries, apples, grapes, and citrus fruits. As an important component of fruit aroma, it helps form a distinctive fruity flavor and influences consumers' sensory experience.
Common extraction methods include steam distillation, solvent extraction, and supercritical CO2 extraction. Steam distillation is widely used due to its ease of operation and mature equipment, but it may cause some loss to heat-sensitive components. Solvent extraction uses organic solvents such as ether and hexane, which can effectively extract fat-soluble volatiles. Supercritical CO2 extraction technology, on the other hand, has gained popularity in recent years for extracting natural products due to its mild nature and lack of solvent residue.
After extraction, octyl acetate is usually analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to ensure its purity and content meet the needs of subsequent pharmacological research.
Octyl acetate exhibits certain antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and reducing cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. In vitro studies show that octyl acetate can inhibit lipid peroxidation, protect the integrity of cell membrane structures, and delay cellular aging. This characteristic gives it potential application value in preventing and treating oxidative stress-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.
Octyl acetate exhibits certain inhibitory effects on various bacteria and fungi, especially strong antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria and certain fungi. Its targets involve various key enzymes and proteins, including DNA gyrase (GYRA), cell membrane protein (GYPB), cell division protein (FTSZ), fatty acid synthase (FABI), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), cell wall synthesis-related proteins (MECA, PENA), as well as fungal-specific targets such as ERG11 and CYP51A1. Additionally, octyl acetate can affect fungal drug efflux pump CDR1, enhancing the efficacy of antifungal drugs.
In recent years, research on octyl acetate in tumor models such as malignant melanoma, colon cancer, and breast cancer has been increasing. Relevant in vitro cell experiments have shown that octyl acetate can induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation and migration. Its anti-tumor mechanism may be related to regulating cell cycle-related proteins, inhibiting oxidative stress responses in tumor cells, and modulating immune cell activity in the tumor microenvironment. Although still in the early research stage, octyl acetate, as a natural product, has low toxicity and multi-target properties, making it a potential candidate for adjuvant therapy in tumors.
The pharmacological effects of octyl acetate involve multiple signaling pathways and molecular targets, with the specific mechanisms as follows:
Antibacterial mechanism: Octyl acetate binds to lipids in bacterial and fungal cell membranes, destroying membrane structures and causing leakage of cell contents. At the same time, octyl acetate inhibits key enzymes such as DNA gyrase, fatty acid synthase (FABI), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), interfering with cellular DNA replication and lipid synthesis, ultimately leading to cell death. For fungi, octyl acetate inhibits ERG11 and CYP51A1, blocks ergosterol synthesis, and disrupts cell membrane stability.
Antioxidant mechanism: octyl acetate has the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, reducing oxidative damage. It may protect cells from oxidative stress by activating intracellular antioxidant enzyme systems (such as superoxide dismutase SOD and glutathione peroxidase GPx) and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
Antitumor mechanism: The mechanism by which octyl acetate induces tumor cell apoptosis may involve mitochondrial pathways, promoting cytochrome C release and activating the caspase family, which triggers programmed cell death. Additionally, octyl acetate may regulate tumor-related signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK, inhibiting cell proliferation and migration. Its regulatory effect on the tumor microenvironment also offers new perspectives for its anti-tumor activity.
The druggability parameters of octyl acetate show good drug potential. Its molecular weight is 172.2680, meeting the Lipinski rule molecular weight requirement (<500), with a LogP value of 4.6046. Although slightly high, it remains within an acceptable range, indicating good lipid solubility and facilitating cell membrane penetration and oral absorption. TPSA is 26.3 Ų, and its lower polar surface area contributes to its oral bioavailability and blood-brain barrier penetration ability, consistent with experimental data for its high blood-brain barrier permeability.
Low water solubility (0.1833 mg/mL) may limit the dissolution rate of oral formulations, but can be improved through formulation techniques such as nanoemulsions and liposomes. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. A negative Ames test indicates a low genotoxicity risk and good safety.
Currently, there is limited pharmacokinetic research on octyl acetate, but preliminary estimates suggest it is highly lipophilic, easily absorbed through the intestine, and possibly metabolized via hepatic enzymes. In the future, further in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies are needed to clarify its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics.
As a natural product, octyl acetate possesses multiple pharmacological activities and good safety, with broad clinical application potential. Its applications in antioxidant and antibacterial fields can provide new adjunctive therapies for anti-infective and anti-inflammatory treatments, especially in the context of increasingly severe drug-resistant bacterial and fungal infections, where octyl acetate may become a candidate for natural antimicrobial agents.
In tumor treatment, octyl acetate has shown potential to induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth, and may serve as a candidate for adjuvant chemotherapy or targeted therapy in the future. Combined with its excellent blood-brain barrier permeability, octyl acetate also has exploratory value in the treatment of brain tumors and other central nervous system diseases.
However, clinical research on octyl acetate is still in its early stages, urgently requiring systematic pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety evaluations, especially studies of effective in vivo dosage, route of administration, and long-term toxicity. Additionally, structural modification of octyl acetate and the development of nanocarrier delivery systems may further enhance its bioavailability and targeting, driving its clinical translation.
As a naturally derived aliphatic ester, octyl acetate exhibits diverse pharmacological activities due to its unique chemical structure and physicochemical properties, especially showing promising application prospects in antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor fields. Its low toxicity, high blood-brain barrier permeability, and multi-target mechanism provide a solid foundation for it as a candidate molecule for novel natural drugs.
Future research should focus on deeply elucidating the molecular mechanisms of octyl acetate, improving its pharmacokinetics and safety data, optimizing formulation technology, and promoting its clinical application. With continuous advances in natural product pharmacology and molecular pharmacology technologies, octyl acetate is expected to become an important player in natural product drug development, providing new strategies and methods for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
