Product name: Nepetin-7-glucoside
Synonym name: Nepitrin
Catalogue No.: BP0995
Cas No.: 569-90-4
Formula: C₂₂H₂₂O₁₂
Mol Weight: 478.406
Botanical Source: Salvia plebeia R. Br.
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Flavonoids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.




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The main services:
A. Supply active ingredients and reference standards of TCM, from mgs to kgs scale
B. Custom extraction and purification, target Herb Active Ingredients
C. Custom synthesis and semi-synthesis for Natural Active Ingredients
D. CR(contract research), CM(contract manufacture) and PD(process development) services from lab scale, pilot scale to commercial scale(GMP is also available)
E. TCM compounds library for drug screen,more than 3000 compounds available, many of them are rare and unique.

HPLC of Nepetin-7-glucoside

NMR of Nepetin-7-glucoside

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Nepetin-7-glucoside (CAS number: 569-90-4) is a naturally occurring flavonoid glycoside widely distributed in Lamiaceae plants. As an important member of the flavonoid family, pseudosepilates have attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years due to their unique chemical structure and diverse biological activities. Especially in research on the treatment of central nervous system diseases, pseudosepilates have shown significant sedative and hypnotic effects, involving regulation of multiple neurotransmitter pathways and receptor targets, demonstrating promising pharmacological potential.

This review aims to systematically summarize the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of pseudosepia glycosides, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and to explore their clinical application prospects and development directions, providing theoretical basis and reference for subsequent basic research and drug development.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Pseudosexane glycosides belong to the flavonoid glycoside class, with a flavonoid nucleus consisting of a flavonoid structure. The 7th hydroxyl group on the typical flavonoid skeleton is replaced by a glucose group, forming 7-glucosides. Its molecular formula is C21H22O12, and its molecular weight is 478.4060. Its structure contains multiple hydroxyl groups and sugar groups, giving it strong hydrophilicity.

In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of Pseudosepicyclosidesis is -0.0724, indicating strong hydrophilicity, and water solubility of 1.1484, indicating good solubility in water. It has a relatively large polar surface area (TPSA) of 199.51 Ų, reflecting the presence of numerous polar groups in its molecules, which matches its low blood-brain barrier penetration capacity. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames trial scored 0.6, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and a solid safety foundation.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Glycosides of the genus Nepeta are mainly found in Nepeta spp., especially medicinal plants such as Nepeta cataria and Nepeta tenuifolia. Pseudoschizonepeta plants are often used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat colds, headaches, insomnia, and other symptoms, and their pharmacological activity is closely related to flavonoid components such as Pseudoschizonepeta glycosides.

Common methods for extracting pseudosepia glycosides include:

1. Solvent extraction method: Using ethanol or methanol as extraction solvents, with reflux or ultrasound-assisted extraction, can effectively extract pseudosepiglycosides from plants. The extract undergoes concentration, separation, and purification steps to obtain target compounds of higher purity.

2. Column chromatography separation: Crude extracts are separated and purified using silica gel column chromatography or reversed-phase C18 column chromatography, combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology for qualitative and quantitative analysis.

3. Supercritical fluid extraction: In recent years, supercritical CO₂ extraction technology, due to its environmental friendliness and efficiency, has also been tried for extracting pseudosepiglycosides, offering good selectivity and yield.

The optimization of extraction processes mainly focuses on improving yield, purity, and reducing costs, laying the foundation for subsequent pharmacological research and industrial production.

Pharmacological activity research

Research on the pharmacological activity of pseudosepistasis glycosides mainly focuses on the sedative and hypnotic effects of the central nervous system. Multiple in vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that pseudosepiglycosides can significantly improve sleep quality in animal models, extend sleep duration, and reduce anxiety and tension.

Sedative, hypnotic effect

In sleep experiments induced by sodium pentobarbital in mice, pseudosexinoids showed a significant hypnotic effect, shortening latency and extending sleep duration. Its sedative effect is closely related to the regulation of the GABAergic system, showing enhanced neuroinhibitory effects mediated by GABA receptors.

Anti-anxiety and antidepressant potential

Pseudosepiglycosides exhibited anti-anxiety and antidepressant activities in open-field and force-swimming tests, suggesting they may act by modulating the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system. Related studies show that pseudosexane glycosides can affect the expression and function of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, regulating neurotransmitter balance.

Other pharmacological effects

In addition to central nervous system activity, Pseudoschizonepeta glycosides also have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Its polyhydroxyl structure gives it the ability to scavenge free radicals, helping to alleviate oxidative damage to nerve cells and further supporting its potential applications in neurological diseases.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The sedative and hypnotic effects of Pseudosexane glycosides involve multiple neurotransmitter pathways and receptor targets, mainly including:

1. GABA receptor family (GABRA1, GABRB2, GABRG2)
   Pseudosepilates enhance the activity of GABA_A receptors, promote chloride ion influx, and enhance neuronal inhibitory conduction, achieving sedative and hypnotic effects. GABA_A receptor subunits α1 (GABRA1), β2 (GABRB2), and γ2 (GABRG2) are its main targets.

2. 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors (HTR1A, HTR2A)
   Pseudosepia glycosides regulate the expression and function of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors, influence the release and reuptake of neurotransmitters, and regulate mood and sleep rhythms.

3. Serotonin transporter protein (SLC6A4)
   By inhibiting serotonin transporter, pseudo-salicorn prolongs the duration of 5-HT action in the synaptic cleft, enhances neurotransmission, and improves mood and sleep quality.

The synergistic effect of these mechanisms enables pseudosexane glycosides to demonstrate a multi-target, multi-pathway integrated effect in regulating central nervous system function.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

The druggability evaluation of pseudosepia glycosides shows that it has certain advantages and challenges:

• The molecular weight (478.4060) is moderate, fitting within the molecular weight range of most oral medications.
• The LogP value (-0.0724) indicates strong hydrophilicity and good water solubility (1.1484), which is beneficial for oral absorption.
• The large polar surface area (TPSA 199.51 Ų) suggests a low ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which may limit direct action in the central nervous system and requires structural modification or drug carrier technology to enhance intracranial distribution.
• The low permeability of the blood-brain barrier suggests that pseudosepiglycosides themselves are difficult to effectively enter brain tissue and may depend on metabolites or indirect mechanisms for their effect.
• hERG channel inhibition negative, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity.
• Ames test results (0.6) showed a low genotoxicity risk and good safety.

Currently, pharmacokinetic research on pseudosepilates is limited. Preliminary data indicate rapid oral absorption, but bioavailability is limited by its polarity and metabolic stability. Future research needs to further clarify its metabolic pathways, half-life, and tissue distribution characteristics in vivo.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

Pseudosepilates have the potential to become a novel central nervous system drug due to their significant sedative, hypnotic, and anti-anxiety effects. Its multi-target mechanism of action provides a theoretical basis for developing drugs that regulate neurotransmitters in complexity, especially suitable for treating insomnia, anxiety, and related mental disorders.

However, the low permeability of the blood-brain barrier in pseudosexane glycosides limits its direct central function. In the future, its clinical value can be enhanced through the following strategies:

1. Structural modification: Chemical modification reduces polarity, improves lipid solubility, and enhances brain penetration.
2. Drug carrier systems: Nanoparticles, liposomes, and other carrier technologies can improve targeted delivery to the brain.
3. Combination therapy: Combine with other centrally active drugs to achieve synergistic effects.
4. Metabolite research: Exploring the activity and mechanisms of their metabolites, potentially uncovering more active derivatives.

In addition, pseudosepilates have good safety and no significant cardiotoxicity or genotoxicity, providing a solid foundation for their clinical translation. In the future, systematic preclinical pharmacokinetics, safety evaluations, and clinical trials are needed to verify treatment efficacy and safety.

Conclusion

As a natural flavonoid glycoside, Pseudosepiateta glycosides, with their unique chemical structure and multi-target neuromodulatory effects, show broad research and application prospects in sedation, hypnosis, and anxiety relief. Although its low blood-brain barrier permeability limits direct central nervous system effects, structural optimization and advanced drug delivery technologies are expected to overcome this bottleneck and promote its translation into clinical drugs.

Future research should focus on in-depth analysis of the pharmacokinetic properties, mechanisms of action, and systematic safety evaluation of pseudosepiglycosides, combined with modern drug design and delivery technologies to promote its effectiveness as a natural drug for treating insomnia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. In summary, pseudosergene glycosides are natural products with significant development value and are worthy of ongoing in-depth exploration in pharmacology and drug development.