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Product name: Naringenin
Synonym name: 4',5,7-Trihydroxyflavanone
Catalogue No.: BP0981
Cas No.: 480-41-1
Formula: C15H12O5
Mol Weight: 272.256
Botanical Source: Aurantii fructus immaturus
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Flavonoids
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd. is a leading company in the research, development, manufacture and marketing of High Quality Phytochemicals and Extracts(especially Active Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine，TCM), Natural Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients worldwide.
The main services:
A. Supply active ingredients and reference standards of TCM, from mgs to kgs scale
B. Custom extraction and purification, target Herb Active Ingredients
C. Custom synthesis and semi-synthesis for Natural Active Ingredients
D. CR(contract research), CM(contract manufacture) and PD(process development) services from lab scale, pilot scale to commercial scale(GMP is also available)
E. TCM compounds library for drug screen,more than 3000 compounds available, many of them are rare and unique.
HPLC of Naringenin
HNMR of Naringenin
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
86.9900
2.2375
1.9654
.3040
2.8957
10.3302
Low
88.7719
2.8255
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
0.6
Yes
No
Yes
No
Naringenin (CAS No.: 480-41-1), a flavanoid natural compound mainly found in citrus fruits, has attracted attention in recent years due to its diverse biological activity. Naingetin not only demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, but has also been proven to have antiviral potential, especially against dengue virus (DENV). In addition, research into the application of naringetin in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment is becoming increasingly deep, involving multiple key molecular targets and reflecting its broad prospects as a natural drug candidate. This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of naringin, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and clinical application potential, aiming to provide theoretical basis and research references for related research and drug development.
Nainghin belongs to the flavanoid class of compounds with a molecular formula of C15H12O5 and a molecular weight of 272.2560. Its chemical structure is based on a typical flavanone framework, containing two benzene rings (A and B rings) and one oxane ring (C ring), with the specific structure being 5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavanone. The LogP value of naringetin was 2.2375, indicating moderate lipid solubility, which facilitates cell membrane penetration. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 86.9900, reflecting moderate molecular polarity and a certain degree of water solubility (0.3040 mg/mL), which positively affects its bioavailability. Naingetin has a relatively low blood-brain barrier penetration ability, suggesting its limited distribution in the central nervous system. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test score was 0.6, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and meeting safety requirements.
Naringin is widely found in the fruits, peels, and leaves of citrus species, with grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), orange (Citrus sinensis), lemon (Citrus limon), and orange (Citrus reticulata) as the main sources. The content of naringin is significantly influenced by variety, maturity, and cultivation environment. Traditional extraction methods mainly use solvent extraction technology, with commonly used solvents including ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate. Modern extraction technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) have improved extraction efficiency and purity, reduced solvent usage, and reduced environmental pollution.
The extraction process typically includes raw material pretreatment (washing, drying, crushing), solvent extraction, impurity filtration, concentration, and purification. Purification steps mostly use column chromatography, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), or membrane separation techniques to obtain high-purity naringin. Optimizing the extraction process not only affects yield but also relates to the preservation of naringin's biological activity and the accuracy of subsequent pharmacological studies.
naringetin exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the expression and release of various pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Both in vitro cell and in vivo inflammation models confirmed that naringin reduces the production of inflammatory mediators by regulating the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, thereby alleviating tissue damage and inflammatory responses.
Naingderin has a powerful free radical scavenging ability, effectively eliminating superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, and hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Its antioxidant mechanism mainly involves direct scavenging of free radicals and upregulation of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx), protecting cells from oxidative stress damage and delaying cellular aging and tissue degeneration.
Naringetin has shown potential inhibitory effects in studies against dengue virus (DENV). In vitro experiments show that naringetin can inhibit DENV replication, reduce viral load, and alleviate virus-mediated cellular lesions. Its antiviral mechanism may involve blocking viral entry into cells, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and interfering with viral gene expression, providing important clues for the development of novel antiviral drugs.
Naingetin demonstrates multiple protective effects in cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment, including anti-atherosclerosis, lowering blood lipids, improving vascular endothelial function, and combating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Its mechanism of action involves regulating lipid metabolism, inhibiting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, promoting vasodilation, reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and comprehensively improving cardiovascular system function.
The multi-target mechanism of naringetin forms the basis of its multiple pharmacological effects. Research on cardiovascular disease-related targets has revealed the molecular action network of naringin:
The synergistic regulation of these targets forms a multidimensional pharmacological network of naringetin, laying a solid foundation for its role as a candidate molecule for cardiovascular and related metabolic diseases.
Druggability evaluation of naringetin shows good drug compatibility. Moderate molecular weight, LogP value indicates good membrane permeability, and moderate TPSA, which is beneficial for oral absorption. Although water solubility is not high, its bioavailability can be improved through formulation technology. Naringetin does not inhibit hERG channels, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity. Ames test results show low genotoxicity and good safety.
Pharmacokinetic studies show that naringetin is rapidly absorbed orally but its bioavailability is limited by first-pass metabolism and low water solubility. Naingetin is mainly metabolized by the liver, producing various glucuronic acid and sulfate conjugates, and is primarily excreted through bile and urine. Its low blood-brain barrier permeability limits its potential for central nervous system applications. The half-life of naringetin is moderate, making it suitable for daily administration.
To address its pharmacokinetic limitations, researchers have attempted to enhance the stability, bioavailability, and targeting of naringetin through novel formulation technologies such as nanocarriers, liposomes, and solid dispersions, providing technical support for clinical applications.
With its multi-target and multi-mechanism pharmacological properties, naringin shows broad application prospects in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects offer potential therapeutic strategies for various cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and myocardial ischemia. Moreover, the antiviral activity of naringetin, especially its inhibition of dengue virus, opens new directions for antiviral drug development.
Although research on naringetin in clinical applications is still in its early stages, some preclinical and early clinical trials have already validated its safety and efficacy. In the future, with advances in formulation technology and optimization of pharmacokinetics, naringetin is expected to become an important component of natural or adjunctive therapies.
In addition, naringetin has its potential role in neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndrome, and tumors that warrant further in-depth study. The application of multi-omics technology and systemic pharmacology will help reveal its complex network of effects and precise targets, driving naringetin toward clinical translation.
As a typical citrus flavanoid, naringin has become a hot topic in natural product pharmacology research due to its excellent pharmacological activity and safety. Its multiple mechanisms of action in anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and cardiovascular protection provide rich scientific evidence for the development of novel natural medicines. In the future, combined with advances in modern medicinal chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and formulation technology, naringetin is expected to play a greater role in clinical treatment and benefit a wide range of patients. Ongoing in-depth basic and clinical research will lay a solid foundation for the drug development and application of naringetin, propelling it to become an important member of the natural medicine field.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
