Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP0860
Cas No.: 147396-02-9
Formula: C₃₅H₄₆O₁₇
Mol Weight: 738.736
Botanical Source: Ligustrum purpurascens

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Natural products, as an important source of new drug discovery, have always held a central position in pharmacological research. Phenylethanol glycoside compounds have become one of the hot topics in pharmacological research of natural products due to their unique structure and diverse biological activities. Ligupurpuroside B is a natural phenylethanol glycoside product isolated from the leaves of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and has attracted significant attention in recent years for its significant antioxidant effects and potential antitumor activity. Liver cancer, as a malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide, urgently needs the development of new therapeutic drugs. Previous studies have shown that purple stem lignum glycoside B demonstrates strong anti-cancer potential by regulating various molecular targets related to liver cancer. This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure, plant origin, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, and druggability evaluation of purple-stem ligustrum glycidin B, explore its application prospects in liver cancer treatment, and provide a theoretical basis for subsequent research and clinical translation.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Purple Ligustrum Ligustrum B belongs to the phenylethanol glycoside class with a relatively large molecular formula and a molecular weight of 738.7360. Its structural core is the phenylethanol glycoside backbone, which connects multiple glycogroups to form a complex glycoside structure. The LogP value of this compound is 0.1767, indicating strong hydrophilicity and water solubility of 3.4621, making it suitable for bioutilization in aqueous phase systems. The extremely high topological pole surface area (TPSA) of 263.7500 suggests that purple-stem ligustrin B has strong polarity and hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor capacity, which may affect its cell membrane permeability and in vivo distribution.

The physicochemical properties of purple stem ligustrum beta B indicate that it is not easily crossed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is beneficial for drug development with lower central nervous system toxicity risks. Additionally, the hERG channel inhibition test results were negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames mutagenicity test resulted in a score of 0.0, further confirming that its genotoxicity risk is extremely low and meets the basic requirements for safe drug development.

Plant Origins and Extraction Methods

Purple-stem ligustrum lucidum glycoside B mainly originates from the leaves of robust ligustrum (Ligustrum lucidum Ait.). Stouty Privet belongs to the Privet genus in the Oleaceae family, widely distributed in southern China. In traditional Chinese medicine, its fruit and leaves are often used medicinally, with effects such as nourishing the liver and kidneys and improving eyesight. Purple stem ligustrum glycoside B, as one of its active ingredients, has been widely studied in recent years.

The extraction method usually uses ethanol or methanol as solvent, and crude extracts are obtained through reflux extraction or ultrasound-assisted extraction. Subsequently, using multi-stage liquid-liquid partitioning, silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and other separation and purification techniques, high-purity purple-stem ligustrum glycoside B was successfully isolated. Purity identification mainly relies on modern analytical methods such as mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) to ensure the accuracy of compound structures and the reliability of purity.

Pharmacological activity research

Antioxidant effects

Purple Ligustrum Ligustrum B initially attracted attention for its remarkable antioxidant activity. In vitro free radical scavenging experiments (such as DPPH, ABTS, etc.) show that this compound can effectively scavenge various reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing oxidative stress damage to cells. The realization of antioxidant effects is mainly attributed to the phenol hydroxyl groups in its phenylethanol glycoside structure, which can provide hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage.

Anti-liver cancer activity

The inhibitory effect of purple stem ligustrum glycoside B in liver cancer cell lines has been confirmed by multiple in vitro studies. This compound can significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells, induce cell apoptosis, and block the cell cycle process. In vivo experiments, purple stem ligustrum glycidin B showed potential to inhibit the growth of liver cancer tumors with relatively low toxicity and side effects.

Additionally, purple stem ligustrum glycoside B regulates liver cancer-related signaling pathways, downregulating the expression of oncogenes, inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment, and slowing tumor progression. Its multi-target action makes it a potential candidate drug for multi-target treatment of liver cancer.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The anti-liver cancer mechanism of purple ligustrum lucidum glycoside B involves several key molecular targets, mainly including:

• BCL2: As an anti-apoptotic protein, BCL2 plays an important role in the survival of liver cancer cells. Purple-stem ligustrum glycoside B can downregulate BCL2 expression and promote apoptosis.
• STAT3: Signal transduction and transcription activator 3 (STAT3) is a key regulator of liver cancer cell proliferation and immune evasion. Purple stem ligustrum (privet glutinoside) B inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation, blocking its transcriptional activity.
• TOP1: Topoisomerase I (TOP1) participates in DNA replication and repair; purple stem ligustrum (ligusula) B interferes with tumor cell DNA metabolism by inhibiting TOP1 activity.
• MAPK1: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Purple stem ligustrum glycoside B regulates the MAPK signaling pathway and inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer cells.
• TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) plays a central role in the unlimited proliferation of tumor cells. Purple-stem ligustrum glycoside B can inhibit TERT expression and limit the replication potential of tumor cells.
• PIK3CA:P key subunit of the I3K signaling pathway, regulating cell survival and metabolism. Purple-stem ligustrum (ligula) B blocks downstream AKT signaling by inhibiting PIK3CA, thereby inducing cell death.
• MMP9: Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Purple stem ligustrum vitamin B reduces MMP9 expression and inhibits tumor metastasis.
• EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in the proliferation and survival of liver cancer cells. Purple stem ligustrum glycoside B inhibits EGFR signaling and slows tumor progression.
• PTGS2: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) participates in inflammatory responses and regulation of the tumor microenvironment. Purple stem ligustrum glycoside B inhibits PTGS2 expression and reduces tumor-related inflammation.
• TP53: As a tumor suppressor gene, TP53 regulates the cell cycle and apoptosis. Purple stem ligustrum glycoside B promotes apoptosis of liver cancer cells by activating the TP53 pathway.

In summary, Purple Capillaris Ligustrum B exerts its comprehensive anti-liver cancer effect through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effects, demonstrating the advantages of natural product multi-target drugs.

Druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetics

The druggability parameters of purple stem ligustrum (purple ligustrum) B indicate its promising potential for drug development. Although the molecular weight of 738.7360 is relatively high, it is still within an acceptable range. A lower LogP value and higher TPSA indicate good water solubility, which is beneficial for oral absorption and internal distribution. Low blood-brain barrier permeability, reducing the risk of adverse reactions to the central nervous system.

The hERG channel was inhibited negatively and the Ames test showed no mutagenicity, indicating high safety and reduced risks of cardiotoxicity and genotoxicity. Nevertheless, high polarity and large molecular weight may limit their oral bioavailability, requiring in vivo absorption through formulation optimization or drug carrier technologies.

Pharmacokinetics, systematic studies on purple stem ligustrine B are currently limited, but based on its structure, it may have rapid metabolism and a short half-life. Future research is recommended to focus on its in vivo metabolic pathways, plasma protein binding rate, and excretion mode to guide clinical dosing regimen design.

Prospects and outlooks for clinical applications

Purple stem ligustrum glycoside B, as a natural phenylethanol glycoside compound with significant antioxidant and anti-liver cancer activities, has the potential to become a novel adjunct therapy for liver cancer. Its multi-target mechanism helps overcome drug resistance and recurrence issues in liver cancer treatment. In addition, its good safety indicators provide strong support for its clinical translation.

Future research should focus on the following aspects:

1. In-depth pharmacokinetics and toxicology studies: clarify the in vivo behavior and long-term safety of purple stem ligustrum glycoside B, and establish reasonable dosing ranges and administration regimens.
2. Deepening mechanistic research: By combining multi-omics techniques such as genomics and proteomics, the molecular action network is further clarified and potential synergistic targets are discovered.
3. Formulation development and optimization: Developed novel drug delivery systems such as nanocarriers and liposomes to enhance bioavailability and targeting due to their high polarity and large molecular weight characteristics.
4. Preclinical and clinical trial design: Conduct systematic animal model validation and early clinical trials to evaluate efficacy and safety, laying the foundation for clinical application.

In addition, the antioxidant properties of purple stem ligustrum (privet luteum) B also suggest its potential application value in other oxidative stress-related diseases (such as chronic liver disease and neurodegenerative diseases), warranting further exploration.

Conclusion

Purple stem ligustrum lucidum B, a natural phenylethanol glycoside derived from robust privet leaves, shows broad prospects for drug development due to its excellent antioxidant and anti-liver cancer activities. Its multi-target mechanism of action provides new ideas and strategies for liver cancer treatment. Although research on its pharmacokinetics and clinical applications is still in its early stages, its favorable safety and druggability parameters provide a solid foundation for subsequent research. In the future, through multidisciplinary collaboration, the pharmacological potential of purple-stem ligustrum glycoside B will be further explored, which is expected to promote its clinical application and benefit liver cancer patients and related disease treatment fields.