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Synonym name: Celanide; Digilanide C; Cedilanid; Ceglunate; Digilanogen C
Catalogue No.: BP0838
Cas No.: 17575-22-3
Formula: C49H76O20
Mol Weight: 985.127
Botanical Source: Digitalis lanata
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.
HPLC of Lanatoside C
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
288.2800
1.4199
1.4201
.1039
.6092
.3991
Low
50.7313
6.6395
No
No
No
No
No
No
0.0
Yes
No
Yes
No
Lanatoside C is a typical cardiac glycoside natural product, widely found in plants of the genus Lanatoside such as Digitalis lanata. As an important member of cardiac glycoside drugs, Molicoside C holds a significant position in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, especially congestive heart failure and arrhythmias, due to its unique cardiac pharmacological activity. In recent years, with the prevalence of viral infectious diseases, the potential of trichosin C in the antiviral field has gradually been discovered, especially in its significant inhibitory effect on various viral infections such as dengue virus, Flavivirus Kunjin virus, Alphavirus Chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus, as well as enterovirus 71. It demonstrates its multi-target and multi-mechanism pharmacological characteristics. This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of trichoside C, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and look ahead to its clinical application prospects, aiming to provide comprehensive and in-depth reference materials for researchers in related fields.
The molecular formula of Caolidin C is C47H74O19, with a molecular weight of 985.1270 and CAS number 17575-22-3. Its structure belongs to cardiac glycoside compounds, with a typical steroid nuclear structure partially connected to glycosides, containing three glycoside units: glucose and rhamnose. The core structure of trichoside C consists of a tetracyclic steroid skeleton (cardiac glycoside nucleus) connected to glycosidic bonds, and the presence of glycoside groups gives it high polarity and water solubility.
In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of piloside C is 1.4199, indicating moderate lipophilicity and facilitating cell membrane permeation. It has a large polar surface area (TPSA) of 288.2800 Ų, indicating high molecular polarity and a characteristic of low water solubility (0.1039). Although the water solubility of Capillarin C is not high, it is sufficient to support its distribution and absorption in the body. The low permeability of the blood-brain barrier suggests a low risk of central nervous system side effects. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating that the electrophysiological safety of carniferin C is good. Ames mutagenicity test result was 0.0, indicating no significant mutagenic potential and relatively high safety.
Digitalis lanata (Digitalis lanata) is mainly found in plants of the genus Digitalis, with abundant content in the leaves of Digitalis lanata. Maohua, as a traditional herbal medicine, has a long history and is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The content of trichogonin C in plants is influenced by multiple factors such as growth environment, harvest time, and extraction process.
Common methods for extracting trichoside C include solvent extraction, liquid-liquid partitioning, and column chromatography. Traditional extraction typically uses methanol or ethanol as solvents, with crude extracts obtained by reflux extraction, followed by separation and purification by silica gel column chromatography or reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Modern extraction technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) can improve extraction efficiency and purity, reduce solvent usage, and align with the concept of green chemistry.
After purification, the carboside C undergoes structural identification using technologies such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) to ensure its chemical purity and structural correctness. The establishment of standardized extraction processes is of great significance for ensuring the medicinal quality of trichosin C and for subsequent pharmacological research.
As a cardiac glycoside, trichoside C mainly inhibits the activity of sodium-potassium ATPase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) on myocardial cell membranes, leading to an increase in intracellular sodium concentration. This in turn affects calcium exchange, increases intracellular calcium concentration, and enhances myocardial contractility (positive muscle strength). This mechanism enables trichoside C to show significant efficacy in treating congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. Its positive inotropic effect can improve the heart's pumping function and alleviate heart failure symptoms.
In recent years, research on trichoside C in the field of antiviral activities has attracted widespread attention. Research shows that Haioside C has broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on various viruses, including dengue virus, Flavaviridae Kunjin virus, Alphaviridae Chikungunya virus, Sindbis virus, and all four serotypes: Enterovirus 71. Its anti-dengue virus IC50 in HuH-7 cells is 0.19 μM, demonstrating extremely high antiviral activity.
The antiviral effect of trichoside C may involve multiple stages of the viral replication cycle, including viral adsorption, entry, replication, and assembly. Its targets are diverse, involving viral proteins and host cytokines, exhibiting multi-target synergistic inhibitory effects.
Molysin C has also been reported to have various biological activities such as regulating energy metabolism, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. For example, by activating the AMPK (5' AMP-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway, it helps regulate the metabolic state of myocardial cells and improves heart function. In addition, trichoside C regulates various enzymes and transcription factors (such as EHMT2, APP, PTPN1, MAOA, ESR2, etc.), suggesting its potential for adjunctive therapeutic effects in various disease states.
The pharmacological mechanism of trichoside C is complex, involving multiple molecular targets and signaling pathways.
Trichoside C inhibits its activity by specifically binding to the sodium-potassium ATPase α subunit on the membrane of myocardial cells, leading to increased intracellular sodium ion concentration, suppressing sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) function, increasing intracellular calcium ion concentration, and enhancing myocardial contractility. This mechanism forms the basis of its cardiac function.
Capillarin C can activate AMPK (PRKAA1), regulate energy metabolism, promote ATP production within myocardial cells, improve myocardial energy supply, and reduce myocardial damage. AMPK activation may also participate in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant reactions, protecting heart tissue.
Capillarin C affects the activity of histone methyltransferase EHMT2, regulates gene expression, and participates in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. This provides a new molecular mechanism perspective for its role in cardiovascular diseases and viral infections.
In terms of antiviral mechanisms, trichoside C interferes with viral RNA replication, protein synthesis, and assembly through multi-target action. It exhibits inhibitory effects on various viruses, possibly related to regulating ion balance, energy metabolism, and signal transduction within host cells, thereby blocking the formation of viral replication environments.
Trichoside C also acts on various enzymes and transcription factors, such as PTPN1 (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1), MAOA (monoamine oxidase A), ESR2 (estrogen receptor β), ABCB1, and ABCG2 (ATP-binding cassette transporter), affecting cellular signaling, drug transport, and metabolic processes, and may be involved in the regulation of drug efficacy and drug interactions.
The druggability parameters of trichoside C indicate that it has certain therapeutic potential. Its molecular weight is close to 1000, making it a relatively large molecule, but its moderate LogP value (1.4199) favors membrane permeability. A higher TPSA (288.2800) suggests strong polarity, which may limit oral absorption and bioavailability, requiring optimization of drug formulations to increase in vivo exposure.
Its low water solubility (0.1039) poses challenges for formulation design, but dissolution and absorption can be improved through techniques such as salt formation and nanocarriers. The blood-brain barrier has low permeability, reducing the risk of central nervous system side effects. Negative hERG channel inhibition and Ames test negative, indicating good safety, low risk of arrhythmia, and low risk of genotoxicity.
Pharmacokinetics, oral absorption of trichoside C is slow, bioavailability is limited, and it is widely distributed in the body, mainly metabolized by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Its half-life is moderate, making it suitable for maintaining stable plasma concentrations. Metabolic pathways involve glycoside hydrolysis and redox reactions in steroid nuclei; the activity and safety of these metabolites require further research.
As a traditional cardiac glycoside, trichomoglycoside C has a relatively mature application foundation in the treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias. Its unique pharmacological properties and good safety profile still make it of significant clinical value. With further research into its antiviral activity, trichoside C shows broad application prospects in adjunctive treatment of viral infections, especially dengue fever and enteroviruses.
Future research should focus on the following aspects:
Drug formulation optimization: Improving the bioavailability and targeting of trichoside C through new formulations such as nanotechnology and liposome inclusion, reducing side effects.
In-depth analysis of antiviral mechanisms: By combining virology and molecular biology techniques, the targets and signaling pathways of trichoside C on different viruses are elucidated, promoting its development as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug.
Clinical trial design: Conduct multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trials to verify the efficacy and safety of trichoside C in cardiovascular diseases and viral infections, clarifying indications and medication regimens.
Combination therapy strategies: Explore the combined use of trichoside C with other antiviral or cardiovascular drugs to achieve synergistic effects and reduce resistance risk.
Toxicology and pharmacokinetic studies: Systematically evaluate the safety of long-term medication, clarify the activity and potential toxicity of metabolites, and provide scientific basis for clinical application.
As a cardiac glycoside with a long history of use, trichoside C not only plays an important role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, but its broad-spectrum antiviral activity also provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of emerging viral infections. Its complex chemical structure, multi-target mechanism, and excellent safety make it a model for pharmacological research of natural products. In the future, with continuous advances in molecular pharmacology and medicinal chemistry technologies, trichoside C is expected to expand clinical applications through modern drug development strategies and become an important drug in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and viral infections. Ongoing and in-depth basic and clinical research will lay a solid foundation for clinical translation and industrialization, advancing its contribution to global public health.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
