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Product name: Gitogenin
Synonym name: (2alpha,3β,5alpha,25R)-Spirostan-2,3-diol; Digine
Catalogue No.: BP0672
Cas No.: 511-96-6
Formula: C27H44O4
Mol Weight: 432.645
Botanical Source: Tribulus terrestris L.
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Steroids
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
Chengdu Biopurify Phytochemicals Ltd. is a leading company in the research, development, manufacture and marketing of High Quality Phytochemicals and Extracts(especially Active Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicine，TCM), Natural Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients worldwide.
The main services:
A. Supply active ingredients and reference standards of TCM, from mgs to kgs scale
B. Custom extraction and purification, target Herb Active Ingredients
C. Custom synthesis and semi-synthesis for Natural Active Ingredients
D. CR(contract research), CM(contract manufacture) and PD(process development) services from lab scale, pilot scale to commercial scale(GMP is also available)
E. TCM compounds library for drug screen,more than 3000 compounds available, many of them are rare and unique.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
58.9200
4.3386
4.3386
.0006
3.7961
6.9353
High
88.0788
5.3839
No
No
No
No
No
No
0.0
No
No
No
No
Gitogenin (CAS number: 511-96-6) is an important natural steroid compound originally derived from the plant Tribulus longipetalusObtained by isolation from the whole plant. As a class of steroidal saponins with multiple biological activities, getosenosides have attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years due to their unique chemical structure and significant biological activity. Studies have shown that gitosaponins can selectively inhibit UDP-glucuronyltransferase 1A4 (UGT1A4) and α-glucosidase, exhibiting low- and micro-molar inhibitory activity respectively, while showing no significant inhibitory effect on the main human cytochrome P450 enzyme system, demonstrating good safety and specificity.
As an important metabolic organ in the human body, the liver's dysfunction is closely linked to various diseases. The potential regulatory effects of gitosaponins on liver disease-related targets, such as ABCB1, PRKCA, IDH1, NFE2L2, and others, suggest that they may play an important role in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. This paper will systematically review the chemical structure, origin, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, druggability, and clinical application potential of gitosaponins, aiming to provide theoretical basis and reference for subsequent drug development and clinical research.
Gytosaponin is a natural steroid compound with a molecular formula of C27H42O5 and a molecular weight of 432.6450. Its structural core is a typical steroid backbone, containing multiple hydroxyl groups and oxidizing functional groups, giving it specific physicochemical properties. According to calculated data, the LogP value of gitosaponin is 4.3386, indicating strong lipid solubility and facilitating penetration of cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 58.92 Ų, making it a moderately polar compound that helps bind to biomacromolecules.
Its extremely low water solubility (0.0006 mg/mL) suggests limited solubility in the aqueous phase, which may affect oral bioavailability. Notably, gitosaponins do not inhibit hERG channels, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity, and Ames mutagenic assay results were zero, indicating a low genotoxicity risk. These physicochemical and safety parameters lay the foundation for further drug development.
Gytosaponin is mainly isolated from the whole Tribulus longipetalus plant. This plant belongs to the Zygophyllaceae family and is widely used in traditional medicine to enhance physical strength and improve liver and kidney function. During extraction, organic solvents such as methanol or ethanol are typically used for reflux extraction of dried plant powders, followed by multi-step separation and purification processes such as liquid-liquid separation and silica gel column chromatography to obtain high-purity geetor saponins.
In recent years, technologies combining supercritical CO2 extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have also been used to improve extraction efficiency and purity. The purified gitosaponins can be structurally identified using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to ensure their chemical purity and structural integrity.
The pharmacological activity of gitosaponins mainly focuses on enzyme inhibition and cell protection. In vitro experiments showed that getosenoglycosides had a significant selective inhibitory effect on UDP-glucuronyltransferase 1A4 (UGT1A4), with an IC50 value of 0.69 μM (using triflurazine as the substrate). UGT1A4 is an important phase II metabolic enzyme in the liver, involved in the glucuronylated metabolism of various drugs and endogenous compounds. Regulating its activity helps regulate drug metabolism and detoxification processes.
Additionally, the inhibitory effect of gitosaponin on α-glucosidase was also quite significant, with an IC50 of 37.2 μM. α-glucosidase is a key enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism; inhibiting it helps delay the breakdown and absorption of carbohydrates, offering potential antidiabetic effects. It is worth mentioning that zetosaponins do not significantly inhibit the main human cytochrome P450 enzyme system, reducing the risk of drug interactions.
In liver protection, gitosaponins regulate multiple signaling pathways, exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. Studies on related cell and animal models have shown that getosaponin can alleviate liver damage, improve liver function indicators, inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis, and promote liver tissue repair.
The pharmacological mechanism of gitosaponin involves multiple molecular targets, with particular attention focused on its regulatory role in liver disease-related targets. Through molecular docking and bioinformatics analysis, getosaponins have been found to have potential binding ability to the following targets:
ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein): As an important drug efflux pump, ABCB1 regulates drug excretion and metabolism in liver cells. Geetol saponins may influence hepatic clearance and resistance by modulating ABCB1 activity.
PRKCA and PRKCD (protein kinase C subtype): These two kinases are involved in cell signal transduction, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis. Geetosaponins may exert anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects by modulating the PRKCA/PRKCD signaling pathway.
IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1): IDH1 plays a key role in cellular metabolism and redox homeostasis. Geetor saponins may regulate hepatocyte metabolic status by affecting IDH1 activity.
NFE2L2 (Nrf2 transcription factor): Nrf2 is a core regulatory factor of cellular antioxidant response. Getosaponin activates the NFE2L2 signaling pathway, enhances antioxidant enzyme expression, and reduces oxidative stress damage.
CASP1 (Caspase 1): Involved in inflammation and apoptosis, gito saponins may reduce liver inflammation and cell death by inhibiting CASP1.
PIK3CG (phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase γ): regulates cell proliferation and survival. Geeto saponins may promote hepatocyte repair by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Vanillic Acid Receptor 1): Involved in pain and inflammation responses, the regulation of TRPV1 by geetor saponins may help alleviate symptoms related to liver inflammation.
SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) and HIF1A (hypoxia-inducing factor 1α): involved in hormone regulation and hypoxia response, respectively. The effects of geetol saponins on these targets suggest their potential regulatory roles in hepatic metabolism and hypoxic environments.
In summary, gitosaponins exert their hepatoprotective and metabolic regulatory functions through multi-target and multi-pathway synergistic effects, providing a molecular basis for their role as candidate drugs for liver disease treatment.
The druggability evaluation of gitosaponins showed relatively ideal drug properties. Its molecular weight is 432.6450, meeting the molecular weight requirements for oral active drugs under the Lipinski rules. Although the LogP value of 4.3386 is relatively high, it remains within an acceptable range, indicating good lipid solubility, which facilitates cell membrane penetration and blood-brain barrier crossing, predicting its potential application in central nervous system diseases.
TPSA was 58.92 Ų, indicating moderate polarity and favorable binding to target proteins. Its water solubility is extremely low, which may limit oral absorption, so bioavailability needs to be improved through formulation optimization or drug carrier technology. Getosaponin demonstrates high blood-brain barrier penetration ability, expanding its potential application in neurological diseases.
In terms of safety, Geeto saponins do not inhibit hERG channels, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity; The Ames test was negative, indicating no significant genotoxicity. In addition, gitosaponins do not significantly inhibit the main cytochrome P450 enzyme system in humans, reducing the likelihood of drug-drug interactions.
Currently, pharmacokinetic data on gitosaponin are limited. Preliminary in vivo studies suggest it has a long half-life and good tissue distribution, especially high concentrations in liver and brain tissue. In the future, further systematic pharmacokinetics and toxicology studies are needed to support clinical development.
As a natural steroid compound with multi-target regulatory capabilities, Getosaponin shows broad application prospects in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. Its selective inhibitory effect on UGT1A4 and α-glucosidase suggests potential value in regulating drug metabolism and glucose metabolism, and may be used as an adjunct therapy for liver metabolic disorders and diabetes-related liver diseases.
By regulating key liver targets such as NFE2L2, PRKCA, and CASP1, gitosenoglycosides can alleviate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, inhibit liver fibrosis, promote hepatocyte repair, and have potential for development as drugs for anti-hepatitis, anti-fibrosis, and cirrhosis treatments. Moreover, its good safety profile and low genotoxicity risk provide assurance for clinical translation.
Future research should focus on the preclinical pharmacokinetics, toxicological evaluation, and determination of effective dose ranges for gitosaponins. At the same time, by integrating modern pharmaceutical formulation technologies, it enhances its water solubility and oral bioavailability. Multicenter clinical trials will be a key step in verifying its efficacy and safety.
Moreover, given the high permeability of the blood-brain barrier of gitosaponins, their potential applications in neurological diseases are worth further exploration, especially in the treatment of liver-related neuropathological conditions such as hepatic encephalopathy.
As a natural steroid compound derived from Tribulus longipetalus, Getosaponin shows broad application prospects in the field of liver disease and related metabolic diseases due to its unique chemical structure and significant biological activity. Its selective inhibitory effect on UGT1A4 and α-glucosidase, as well as its ability to regulate multiple liver targets, reveal its potential pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic value.
Druggability evaluations show that Getosaponin has good safety and blood-brain barrier penetration, making it suitable for further drug development. Future research should focus on its pharmacokinetic characteristics, formulation optimization, and clinical efficacy verification, aiming to transform this natural product into a safe and effective new drug for treating liver diseases.
In summary, as an important subject of natural product pharmacology research, Getosaponin not only enriches the research system of steroidal natural drugs but also provides new ideas and candidate molecules for the treatment of liver and metabolic diseases, warranting ongoing attention and in-depth development.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
