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Synonym name: Monotropitoside; Monotropitin
Catalogue No.: BP0628
Cas No.: 490-67-5
Formula: C19H26O12
Mol Weight: 446.405
Botanical Source: Monotropa hypopithys, Betula lenta, Gaultheria spp., Ostryopsis davidiana and others
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.
HPLC of Gaultherin
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
184.6000
-.9300
-.9297
46.0287
.6706
.1188
Low
36.0695
4.1870
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
0.0
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Gaultherin (CAS number: 490-67-5) is a naturally derived nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) mainly found in plants of the Holly family. As an orally effective compound, winter-green glycoside has attracted widespread attention for its remarkable anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects. Compared with traditional NSAIDs, polygin exhibits selective inhibition of inflammation-related enzymes and signaling pathways, especially showing strong inhibitory effects on key targets such as COX-2, LOX, and NF-κB, while having minimal effect on COX-1, effectively avoiding the gastrointestinal side effects caused by commonly used NSAIDs such as aspirin. In addition, polyglycoside also exhibits certain antioxidant activity, further enhancing its anti-inflammatory effects. In recent years, with the rising incidence of inflammation-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout, the research value of winter-green glycoside has become increasingly prominent, making it a hot topic in the field of natural product pharmacology.
This paper will systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of winter-green glycoside, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics, combined with its potential applications in inflammation-related diseases, to look ahead to its future clinical translation prospects.
The molecular formula of wintergreen glycoside is C20H26O12, with a molecular weight of 446.4050. Its chemical structure consists of glycosidic compounds formed by the ligation of salicylic acid and β-D-glucose through glycosidic bonds, featuring typical phenolic hydroxyl groups and glycosidic structural units. The LogP value of shutolate was -0.93, indicating strong hydrophilicity, with a water solubility of 46.03 mg/mL, indicating good solubility in the aqueous phase. The polar surface area (TPSA) was 184.6 Ų, indicating that its molecular polarity is relatively high, which may affect its cell membrane permeability and bioavailability.
In the body, polyscopin exhibits low blood-brain barrier permeability, reducing the risk of central nervous system side effects. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. Ames mutagenic assay results were zero, indicating that asparaglycin is not genotoxic and is relatively safe.
Polyglycoside has relatively high chemical stability, maintaining stability under physiological pH conditions, making it suitable for oral formulation development. The phenolic hydroxyl groups in its structure endow the molecule with certain antioxidant capacity, helping to alleviate oxidative stress-related inflammatory responses.
Holgreen glycosides are mainly found in plants of the genus Gaultheria (Gaultheria spp.), especially the common Holly (Gaultheria procumbens) and related species in the cold temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In traditional Chinese medicine, holly leaves are often used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic herbs, with holly glycoside being one of its main active ingredients.
Common methods for extracting isochloroside include solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purification. Generally, ethanol or methanol aqueous solutions are used as extraction solvents, and combining with ultrasound-assisted extraction technology can improve extraction efficiency. The extract is concentrated, liquid-liquid separated, and purified by column chromatography to obtain high-purity isolin.
In recent years, green extraction technologies such as supercritical CO2 extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have also been applied to the extraction of winter glucosides, which not only improve yield but also reduce the use of organic solvents, aligning with the environmental trend of modern natural product extraction.
The pharmacological activity of asparaglycin mainly lies in its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant effects. Numerous in vivo and in vitro experimental studies have confirmed that polyphyllin exerts its efficacy through multiple targets and pathways, offering good safety and efficacy.
Polyglycosides can selectively inhibit COX-2 (IC50=0.35 mg/mL) and LOX (IC50=0.56 mg/mL), significantly reducing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators. Additionally, polyphyllamine inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway activity, reduces the expression of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α, and alleviates inflammatory responses. Its inhibitory effect on HYAL (hyaluronidase, IC50=28.58 μg/mL) helps protect the extracellular matrix and prevents tissue damage at the site of inflammation.
Wintergreen glycoside exerts antipyretic and analgesic effects by inhibiting the synthesis of inflammatory mediators and the release of neurotransmitters. It regulates pain-related receptors such as TRPV1 and TRPA1, further enhancing its analgesic effect. Animal experiments have shown that oral asparaglycoside can effectively relieve inflammatory pain and fever with fewer side effects.
Polygin exhibits moderate antioxidant activity, scavenging free radicals and reducing cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. Its antioxidant effect is even better in cell models, suggesting it may indirectly suppress inflammatory responses by regulating intracellular redox balance.
In models of various inflammation-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout, asparaglycoside has shown significant therapeutic potential. Through multi-target regulation, it inhibits inflammatory signal transduction and tissue destruction, improving pathological conditions.
The anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological effects of hisorbitant glycoside involve multiple signaling pathways and molecular targets, reflecting its multi-target regulatory characteristics.
NF-κB is a core transcription factor in inflammatory responses, regulating the expression of various inflammatory factors. Tolucide reduces the production of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α by inhibiting NF-κB activation, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses.
Members of the MAPK family (such as MAPK1) are involved in cellular stress responses and inflammatory signaling. Polygin inhibits the MAPK signaling pathway, blocking the transmission of inflammatory signals and reducing the release of inflammatory mediators.
Wintergreen glycosides selectively inhibit COX-2 and LOX, reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, block the pathway of inflammatory mediator production, and alleviate inflammation and pain.
By inhibiting HYAL, hilargin protects the extracellular matrix structure, preventing tissue degradation and damage during inflammation.
Through the synergistic effects of these multiple targets, parogreen glycoside exerts comprehensive anti-inflammatory and protective effects, demonstrating its advantages as a natural multi-target drug.
The druggability parameters of isolin indicate that it has good development potential. Molecular weight is 446.4, classified as a medium-sized molecule, with a LogP of -0.93, indicating excellent water solubility and facilitating oral absorption. TPSA is relatively high, which may limit its passive diffusion through cell membranes, but its hydrophilicity helps dissolve and distribute it.
The blood-brain barrier has low permeability, reducing the risk of central nervous system side effects. hERG channels have no inhibitory effect, reducing the possibility of cardiotoxicity. Ames test was negative, with good safety.
Pharmacokinetics, orally alkalin is effectively absorbed, and metabolism in the body mainly occurs through hepatic enzyme systems, making the metabolites relatively safe. Its half-life is moderate, making it suitable for routine administration. Due to its glycosidic structure, wintergreen glycosides may be hydrolyzed by microorganisms or enzymes in the intestines, releasing the active ingredient salicylic acid and exerting its medicinal effects.
In the future, further systematic research is needed on its bioavailability, metabolic pathways, and drug interactions to provide a basis for clinical application.
As a natural nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, polyglycoside has a unique multi-target mechanism of action and good safety, showing broad clinical application prospects.
In chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout, asparaglycin can serve as an alternative or adjunctive therapy to relieve symptoms, reduce inflammation, and protect tissue structure. Its low inhibition of COX-1 is expected to avoid the gastrointestinal adverse reactions common with traditional NSAIDs and improve patient compliance.
In addition, the antioxidant effects of asparagin also regulate oxidative stress related to chronic inflammation, potentially expanding its application potential in neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic syndromes.
Future research should focus on:
With the development of natural product pharmacology and molecular pharmacology, asparaglycoside is expected to become a safe and effective new anti-inflammatory drug, offering new options for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
As a naturally derived nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, polyphyllin demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, and antioxidant activities through its multi-target regulation of key inflammatory factors such as NF-κB, MAPK, COX-2, LOX, and HYAL. Its excellent druggability parameters and safety characteristics give it broad application potential in various inflammation-related diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout.
In the future, through in-depth pharmacokinetic research and clinical validation, combined with modern pharmaceutical formulation technologies, wintergreen glycoside is expected to develop into a new generation of safe and efficient anti-inflammatory drugs, bringing new breakthroughs to the field of natural product pharmacology and clinical treatment.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
