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Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP0619
Cas No.: 98665-22-6
Formula: C30H44O8
Mol Weight: 532.674
Botanical Source: Ganoderma lucidum (reishi)
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.
HPLC of Ganoderic Acid G
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
149.2000
2.5263
.2206
.0709
1.2105
3.1855
Low
84.8732
5.3085
No
No
No
No
No
No
0.0
Yes
No
No
No
Ganoderma lucidum, as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has long been praised as the "grass of immortals" due to its significant medicinal value and abundant active ingredients. Among them, Ganoderma acid triterpene compounds are the most representative secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, exhibiting multiple biological activities. Ganoderic Acid G (CAS No.: 98665-22-6), a triterpenoid compound isolated from the surface of Ganoderic fungus tubes, has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its excellent immunomodulatory function and potential medicinal value. This paper systematically reviews the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of Ganodermic acid G, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and clinical application prospects, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and reference for further drug development and application research.
Ganoderma acid G belongs to the triterpene class of compounds, with a molecular formula of C30H44O8 and a molecular weight of 532.6740. Its structure is based on a pentacyclic triterpene framework, containing multiple hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, giving it strong polarity and bioactivity. The LogP value of Ganodermic acid G is 2.5263, indicating moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane permeability. Its topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 149.2 Ų, indicating high molecular polarity, which may affect its oral absorption and bioavailability. Low water solubility (0.0709 mg/mL) suggests limited solubility in the aqueous phase, and bioavailability should be improved through appropriate formulation techniques. The low permeability of the blood-brain barrier indicates that it mainly acts on peripheral targets and reduces the risk of central nervous system side effects. Ganodermic acid G has no hERG channel inhibitory activity and relatively high safety. The Ames mutagenic test result was 0, indicating no significant mutagenic activity and meeting drug safety requirements.
Ganoderma acid G mainly originates from the surface of the mucosa layer of Ganoderma lucidum, a fungus widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of Asia. Traditionally, Ganoderma is obtained through solid fermentation culture, with both mycelium and fruiting bodies rich in triterpenoid compounds. Ganoderma acid G is usually extracted using organic solvents, with ethanol or methanol often used as extractants to improve the extraction efficiency of Ganoderma acids. The extraction process includes drying, pulverization, solvent extraction, concentration, and separation and purification. During purification, techniques such as silica gel column chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) are commonly used to obtain high-purity Ganoderma acid G. In recent years, supercritical CO2 extraction technology has also been applied to the extraction of Ganoderma acid G, offering advantages of environmental friendliness and high efficiency. Optimizing the extraction process is crucial to ensure the yield and activity of Ganoderma acid G.
The pharmacological activity of Ganodermic acid G mainly focuses on immune regulation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, and antioxidant effects. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Ganodermic acid G can significantly regulate immune cell function and promote immune system balance.
Immunomodulatory effects
Ganodermic acid G enhances the body's immune response by regulating various immune-related signaling pathways. It can promote T cell proliferation and activation, enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells, and regulate the phagocytic function of macrophages. Additionally, Ganodermic acid G can regulate the secretion of cytokines, such as upregulating pro-inflammatory factors like IL-2 and IFN-γ, while also promoting the expression of anti-inflammatory factors like IL-10, thereby achieving immune homeostasis.
Anti-inflammatory effects
Ganodermic acid G reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 by inhibiting the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses. Its anti-inflammatory effects have been validated in various inflammatory models, demonstrating potential value in treating chronic inflammatory diseases.
Antitumor activity
Ganodermic acid G exhibits significant antitumor activity, capable of inducing tumor cell apoptosis and inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and migration. Its anti-tumor mechanism involves regulation of multiple signaling pathways, including inhibition of STAT3 and regulation of cyclins. In addition, Ganoderma Acid G can enhance the activity of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, improving the body's anti-tumor immunity.
Antioxidant effects
Ganoderma acid G has the ability to scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidative stress damage, protect cells from oxidative damage, and promote tissue repair.
The immunomodulatory effects of Ganoderma acid G are mainly achieved by regulating various key molecular targets:
In summary, Ganodermic acid G regulates immune system function through synergistic effects of multiple targets and pathways, possessing broad pharmacological potential.
The druggability parameters of Ganodermic acid G indicate that it has good potential for drug development. The molecular weight is moderate at 532.6740, with a LogP of 2.5263, indicating good lipid solubility and facilitating cell membrane penetration. A higher TPSA (149.2 Ų) may limit its oral absorption, but its bioavailability can be improved through pharmaceutical formulation techniques. Low water solubility suggests optimization of administration routes or formulation forms.
The blood-brain barrier has low permeability, reducing the risk of central nervous system side effects, making it suitable for peripheral immunomodulatory applications. hERG channels have no inhibitory activity, reducing the risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test was negative, indicating no mutagenicity and relatively high safety.
Currently, related research on pharmacokinetics is relatively limited. Animal experiments have shown that Ganoderma acid G can be detected orally in plasma, indicating its certain absorption capacity. Its metabolism mainly passes through hepatic enzyme systems, and its metabolites require further study. In the future, systematic ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion) studies are needed to clarify its in vivo kinetic characteristics and provide a basis for clinical application.
With its remarkable immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities, Ganoderma Acid G shows broad application prospects in various immune-related diseases. Its potential indications include autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis), chronic inflammatory diseases (such as inflammatory bowel disease), adjunctive therapy for tumor immunotherapy, and regulation of immunodeficiency states.
Additionally, Ganodermic Acid G has good safety and low toxicity side effects, making it an ideal candidate for natural drug development. In the future, modern drug formulation technologies can be combined to develop oral formulations, nanocarrier systems, and other forms to improve their bioavailability and targeting.
Preclinical studies should further clarify its pharmacodynamic mechanisms and safety evaluations, and conduct systematic toxicology studies. During clinical trials, it is necessary to design reasonable dosage and medication regimens to verify treatment efficacy and safety. By integrating modern molecular biology techniques, we explore the synergistic effects of Ganodermic acid G with other drugs, expanding its clinical application scope.
Ganoderma acid G, as an important triterpene active ingredient in Ganoderma lucidum, demonstrates broad pharmacological activity and promising drug potential due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target immunomodulatory effects. Its research progress in immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, and anti-tumor areas provides valuable resources for natural product pharmacology and new drug development. In the future, through in-depth pharmacological mechanism research, optimized extraction and purification processes, and systematic pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluations, Ganoderma acid G is expected to become a novel natural drug for treating immune-related diseases, contributing new strength to human health.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
