+86-28-82633987
Synonym name: Aesculin; Crataegin; Bicolorin; Polychrom; Vitamin C2; Esculoside; Schillerstoff
Catalogue No.: BP0566
Cas No.: 531-75-9
Formula: C15H16O9
Mol Weight: 340.284
Botanical Source: Obt. from bark of Fraxinus ornus, flowers of Solanum pinnatisectum, from Fraxinus japonica, Olea africana, Olea capensis, Aesculus hippocastanum and other plants
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.
HPLC of Esculin
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
149.8200
-.4753
-.4862
9.5094
.7175
.1747
Low
43.3471
3.7323
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
0.9
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Esculin, CAS number 531-75-9, is a typical fluorescent coumarin-glucoside mainly found in the bark of the gray tree (Fraxinus spp.). As a natural product, Qin Pijia Su has attracted attention for its diverse pharmacological activities, especially showing significant potential in anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and neuroprotective fields. In recent years, as the incidence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and related cognitive impairments has continued to rise, research on Qinpijiasin improving DN cognitive dysfunction by modulating the MAPK signaling pathway has attracted widespread attention. In addition, its potential for anti-cancer, antiviral, antithrombotic, and eye disease treatments is gradually being revealed. This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of Qin Pijia Su, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and, combined with current research progress, explore its clinical application prospects and future directions.
Qin Pi Jia Su has the chemical structure of 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin-6-β-D-glucoside, with a molecular formula C15H16O9 and a molecular weight of 340.2840. Its structure consists of a coumarin-based nucleus connected to a β-D-glucosidic bond, giving it excellent water solubility and bioactivity. Qinpejia is fluorescent, with UV-visible spectra showing characteristic absorption peaks at 320-340 nm.
In terms of physicochemical properties, Qinpijiasu's LogP value was -0.4753, indicating strong hydrophilicity, water solubility reaching 9.5094 mg/mL, and TPSA (topological polar surface area) of 149.82 Ų, indicating high polarity. The blood-brain barrier has low permeability, limiting the direct action of the central nervous system. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames test scored 0.9, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and good safety.
Qin Pi Jia Su is mainly found in the bark of the gray tree (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and its related species, with the highest bark content. The traditional Chinese medicinal herb "Qin Pi" is derived from the bark of the ash tree and has long been used to clear heat, detoxify, reduce swelling, and relieve pain. Modern extraction processes mostly use water extraction and alcohol precipitation combined with column chromatography for purification, with specific steps including:
In addition, new technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have also been applied to improve the extraction efficiency and purity of Qin Pijia Su.
Qinpijiasin demonstrated significant blood sugar-lowering and renal function improvement effects in experimental diabetes models. By modulating the MAPK signaling pathway, it alleviates cognitive impairment related to diabetic nephropathy (DN) and improves neurological impairment. Qinpijiasin can inhibit oxidative stress responses in high-sugar environments, reduce the expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-6, and alleviate thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and tubular injury.
Qinpijiasin has significant free radical scavenging ability, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Its anti-inflammatory mechanism mainly regulates the NF-κB signaling pathway, reducing the release of inflammatory mediators and protecting tissues from chronic inflammatory damage.
Qinpijiasin exhibits inhibitory activity against various bacterial strains, with related targets including bacterial DNA gyra, cell wall synthase FABI, and dihydrofolate reductase DHFR. Additionally, it inhibits the fungal ERG11 (CYP51A1) enzyme, blocking the synthesis of fungal cell membranes. Its antiviral activity involves blocking viral replication and enhancing the host's immune response, showing potential inhibitory effects especially against influenza viruses and certain coronavirus strains.
Qinpijiasin exerts anti-tumor effects by inducing cancer cell apoptosis, blocking the cell cycle, and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Its mechanism of action regulates the PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and p53 signaling pathways, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Multiple in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that Qin Pijia Su has inhibitory effects on breast, liver, and colon cancer cells.
Qinpijiasin demonstrates neuron-protective effects in neurodegenerative disease models, mainly through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neurotransmitter balance regulation. It has potential interventional value for pathological processes related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Qinpijiasu demonstrates antithrombotic activity by inhibiting platelet aggregation and regulating coagulation factors. Additionally, its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties help alleviate the pathological progression of eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration.
The pharmacological effects of Qin Pijia Su involve multiple signaling pathways and molecular targets:
In addition, the antioxidant effect of Qin Pijia Su mainly works by enhancing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity, clearing ROS, and protecting cells from oxidative damage.
The druggability parameters of Qin Pijia Su indicate good safety and low toxicity risk. It has good water solubility, which is beneficial for oral absorption, but its low LogP value and high TPSA limit its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, potentially affecting direct effects on the central nervous system. Negative inhibition of the hERG channel reduces the risk of cardiotoxicity, and the Ames test shows low genotoxicity.
Pharmacokinetic studies show that Qinpijiasu is absorbed orally relatively quickly and has a moderate plasma half-life, but its bioavailability is limited by hydrolysis and metabolism of the glucoside structure. Its main metabolic pathways include the hydrolysis of glucosidic bonds by the gut microbiota, releasing coumarin's nucleus, and then further metabolism by hepatic metabolic enzymes. The kidneys are the main excretory route. In the future, enhancing bioavailability and targeting through structural modification or nanocarrier technology will be key to enhancing clinical application potential.
With its multi-target and multi-mechanism pharmacological activity, Qin Pijia Su has broad clinical application prospects in metabolic diseases, infectious diseases, tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases. Especially in adjunctive therapy for diabetic nephropathy and its cognitive impairments, Qinpijiasu has shown promising therapeutic potential. Moreover, its antibacterial and antiviral effects provide new ideas for the development of anti-infective drugs.
Future research should focus on:
Qinpijiasu, as a natural coumarin-glucoside, demonstrates its potential as a multi-domain therapeutic drug due to its rich pharmacological activity and good safety. Its multi-target mechanisms in antidiabetic nephropathy, antibacterial and antiviral, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects provide an important example for pharmacological research of natural products. In the future, through in-depth mechanistic research and clinical translation, Qin Pijia Su is expected to become an important candidate molecule in natural drug development, promoting the application and advancement of natural products in modern medicine.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
