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Product name: Dendrobine
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP0479
Cas No.: 2115-91-5
Formula: C16H25NO2
Mol Weight: 263.381
Botanical Source: Main alkaloid from Dendrobium spp., esp. Dendrobium nobile (Orchidaceae)
Physical Description: Cryst.
Type of Compound: Alkaloids
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams, up to kilograms
Inquire for bulk scale.
Descriptions:
Dendrobine, isolated from Dendrobium nobile, an antagonist of β-alanine, taurine and of presynaptic inhibition in the frog spinal cord.[1]
Dendrobine has antitumor activity, it can inhibit the growth of A549 cells through inducing apoptosis, which was partially dependent on mitochondrial-mediated pathway; dendrobine treatment decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), improved the expression of Bax and inhibited the expression of Bcl-2, therefore it was supposed that dendrobine treatment decreased the MMP through regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax; dendrobine releases cytochrome c and promotes caspase 9 activation indicating that dendrobine induces apoptosis is partially caspase-dependent.[2]
References:
[1] Yannakopoulou K. Brit J Pharmacol, 1983, 78(4):709–15.
[2] Song T . The HKU Scholars Hub, 2016.
[3] Shen G. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 37(31):15248-9.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
29.5400
2.6223
2.3395
.7955
3.9763
13.3141
High
41.6677
5.3860
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
0.6
No
No
No
No
Dendrobine (CAS No.: 2115-91-5) is a natural alkaloid product isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Dendrobium species—especially Dendrobium nobile. As one of the main active ingredients of the Dendrobium genus, Dendrobium Salt has attracted attention for its diverse pharmacological activities, especially showing significant biological effects in antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective fields. In recent years, with in-depth research into its molecular mechanisms, Dendrobine's potential role in fighting influenza A virus, regulating cellular signaling pathways, and metabolic diseases has gradually been revealed, demonstrating its broad application prospects as a candidate molecule for novel drugs.
This review aims to systematically summarize the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of Dendrobium alkaloid, plant origin, and extraction process, with a focus on evaluating its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action. Combined with druggability evaluation and pharmacokinetic analysis, it explores its clinical application potential and future development directions, providing theoretical basis and reference for related research.
Dendrobium alkaloid has a molecular formula of C16H25NO2 and a molecular weight of 263.3810, making it a typical alkaloid compound. Its chemical structure features a nitrogen heterocyclic structure containing a multi-ring framework, with a certain rigidity and three-dimensional configuration. The LogP value of dendrobine is 2.6223, indicating moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration and bioavailability. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 29.54 Ų, indicating low molecular polarity that facilitates crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is consistent with its high BBB permeability. Water solubility is 0.7955, indicating low to moderate water solubility, suggesting that its distribution in vivo may be more fat-soluble.
It is worth noting that dendrobine has hERG channel inhibitory activity, suggesting potential risks in cardiac electrophysiology and requiring special attention during drug development. The Ames test result was 0.6, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and meeting safety requirements.
Dendrobium nobile mainly comes from the orchid plant Dendrobium nobile, commonly known as Dendrobium officinale, a traditional and precious Chinese medicinal herb. D. nobile is widely distributed in southern China and Southeast Asia, with its stems rich in alkaloids, among which dendrobine is a representative active substance.
Traditional methods for extracting Dendrobium soda mostly use alcohol extraction, acid-base extraction, and chromatographic separation techniques. The general process is: first, the dried Dendrobium stems are crushed, then extracted by reflux using methanol or ethanol. After concentration of the extract, acid-base adjustment is used to present the dendrobium alkali in the form of hydrochloride, followed by liquid-liquid extraction to remove impurities. Finally, purification is performed by silica gel column chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain high-purity Dendrobium alkalis. In recent years, the introduction of new technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction has improved extraction efficiency and purity, while reducing energy consumption and time costs.
Dendrobine exhibits significant inhibitory effects on Influenza A virus, especially targeting the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. In vitro experimental data showed that Dendrobine had IC50s of 3.39 μM, 2.16 μM, and 5.32 μM for A/FM-1/1/47 (H1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H274Y (H1N1), and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), respectively, demonstrating strong antiviral activity. Its antiviral mechanism is closely related to disrupting the viral replication cycle and regulating host cell signaling pathways.
Dendrobine exhibits effects in various tumor cell lines by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Related studies have shown that dendrobine can inhibit tumor cell growth by regulating the expression of cyclins and apoptosis-related proteins. Additionally, it has a regulatory effect on inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment, indirectly suppressing tumor invasion and metastasis.
Dendrobine exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α, IL-6) and related signaling pathways. It activates the JNK/p38/Nrf2 signaling pathway, promotes the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reduces oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and protects tissue cells from damage.
Dendrobium can cross the blood-brain barrier and exert neuroprotective effects. Studies have found that by activating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathways, it reduces oxidative damage and apoptosis in neurons, offering potential therapeutic value for neurodegenerative diseases.
Although research on the antidiabetic activity of dendrobine is still in its early stages, existing studies suggest it may improve insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism by regulating key metabolic signaling molecules such as AMPK, PPARγ, and AKT1. Additionally, Dendrobine's regulation of diabetes-related targets such as SGLT2 and DPP4 suggests its potential application value in diabetes treatment.
The multi-target mechanism of dendrobine is the basis for its multiple pharmacological effects. Its main mechanisms of action include:
Activation of the JNK/p38/Nrf2 signaling pathway: Dendrobine can activate stress-related JNK and p38 MAPK pathways, thereby activating Nrf2 transcription factors, enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and protecting cellular function.
Regulating AMPK signaling pathways: AMPK is a key regulator of energy metabolism. Dendrobine activates AMPK, promotes glucose uptake and lipid metabolism, improves metabolic disorders, and has anti-diabetic potential.
Targeting diabetes-related targets: Dendrobine regulates targets such as SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2), DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4), and PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ), affecting insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis.
Antiviral mechanism: Dendrobium alkaloid exerts its antiviral effect by inhibiting key enzyme activities for viral replication and regulating intracellular signaling pathways in host cells, thereby blocking the viral life cycle and exerting its anti-influenza A virus effect.
Antitumor mechanism: By regulating cyclins, apoptosis proteins, and inflammatory factors, dendrobine induces tumor cell apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and metastasis.
The druggability indicators of dendrobine indicate that it has promising potential for drug development. Moderate molecular weight and LogP value facilitate oral absorption and cell membrane permeability. Lower TPSA and higher blood-brain barrier permeability make it possible to treat neurological diseases.
However, dendrobine has hERG channel inhibitory activity, indicating potential cardiotoxicity risk and requiring focused monitoring during preclinical safety evaluations. Additionally, Ames trial results show a low genotoxicity risk, which is beneficial for subsequent development.
Currently, pharmacokinetic research on dendrobine is relatively limited. Preliminary data show that its oral bioavailability is moderate, with a wide distribution in the body, especially high concentrations in the central nervous system. The metabolic pathway mainly involves liver enzyme systems, while excretion is primarily via the kidneys. In the future, further systematic studies are needed on its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characteristics to optimize dosage form design and administration regimens.
Dendrobine, as a versatile natural product, has broad clinical application potential. Its antiviral activity offers new ideas for adjunctive treatment of influenza and other viral infections, especially advantageous in the prevention and control of drug-resistant virus strains. Its antitumor and anti-inflammatory effects provide a theoretical foundation for comprehensive tumor treatment and drug development for chronic inflammatory diseases. Neuroprotective effects open new directions for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
In addition, dendrobine shows potential value in the treatment of metabolic diseases, especially diabetes, and in the future, combining modern pharmacology and molecular biology technologies is expected to lead to the development of innovative drugs targeting metabolic syndrome.
However, the clinical translation of Dendrobine still faces challenges, including risks of cardiotoxicity, unclear pharmacokinetic properties, and optimization of large-scale preparation processes. Future research should focus on safety evaluation, dosage form innovation, and clinical trial design, promoting its transition from the laboratory to clinical application.
Dendrobium nobile, as an important alkaloid in Dendrobium nobile, demonstrates broad biological functions and drug development potential due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target pharmacological activity. Its multiple effects in antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and metabolic diseases provide valuable examples for pharmacological research of natural products.
In the future, by integrating modern medicinal chemistry, molecular biology, and pharmacokinetic research, the mechanism of action of Dendrobium alkaloid will be further revealed, its safety and efficacy optimized, and its clinical application advanced. Dendrobine is expected to become a major breakthrough in the development of natural product drugs, contributing new therapeutic options to human health.
Shenshuai
Wenjing
Hedandan
